The measurement of subcritical electroconvection

Under idealized conditions, electroconvection in a nematic liquid crystal sets in at a well-defined threshold of the driving ac voltage. Fluctuating convection rolls of a small amplitude below that threshold have been observed recently. The measurement of the amplitude of these fluctuations is described in detail in this paper. It is based on averaging the light intensity signals using the structure function and a quantitative analysis of the light deflection.     

Local Entropy Conditions in Transonic Potential Flow Problems

The transonic potential flow problem is handled as a variational problem over a closed convex set which is given by a bound for the gas velocity and by a local entropy condition. It can be shown that the minimum problem has a solution though the functional need not be convex and the given set is not compact. Furthermore, the convergence of an approximation method (KATCHANOV'S method) for the solution to the corresponding variational inequality is proved.     

A characterization of the \Sigma_1-definable functions of KP\omega + (uniform\; AC)

The subject of this paper is a characterization of the -definable set functions of Kripke-Platek set theory with infinity and a uniform version of axiom of choice: . This class of functions is shown to coincide with the collection of set functionals of type 1 primitive recursive in a given choice functional and . This goal is achieved by a G?del Dialectica-style functional interpretation of and a computability proof for the involved functionals. Received October 9, 1996     

Anionische Nickel-Pseudohalogenid-Komplexe der Typen [Ni{N(CN)2}3]− und [Ni{N(CN)2}2(NCS)2]2−

Anionie Nickel Pseudohalide Complexes of the Types [Ni{N(CN)₂}₃]^? and [Ni{N(CN)₂}₂(NCS)₂]^2? The preparation of a new type of anionic pseudohalide complexes of nickel [Ni{N(CN)₂}₃]^? and of mixed thiocyanate-dicyanamide complexes [Ni{N(CN)₂}₂(NCS)₂]^2? is reported. The structures of the complexes are discussed on the basis of IR- and magnetic measurements. The new compounds are representing polymer octahedral complexes with a bridging function of the dicyanamide ligands.     

Preparation of micro- and nanopatterns of polymer chains grafted onto flexible polymer substrates

In this work a simple novel method for preparing micro- and nanoscale patterns of polymer chains grafted onto flexible polymer substrates is described. A combination of the two techniques of radiation grafting and "grafting-from" has been made. This combination makes it possible to prepare grafted structures having micro- or nanoscale lateral dimensions that are determined by the electron beam or X-ray irradiation patterns used. The height of the grafted features can be controlled by the irradiation dose or such grafting reaction conditions as time, temperature, or monomer concentration. Our first results for nanopatterned samples demonstrate resolution comparable to those of other polymer-based lithography processes.     

Rhodium and palladium β-diketonate determination with on-line supercritical fluid extraction-high performance liquid chromatography via solid phase extraction

 An on-line system of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) via solid phase extraction (SPE) is described for the determination of palladium and rhodium 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione-(thd) as well as rhodium-acetylacetonate-(acac) and benzylacetonate-(bzac) chelates. The chelates were extracted with supercritical CO₂ from sand and humic acid, concentrated on SPE cartridges and analysed with HPLC. Two cartridge materials were tested and compared to off-line trapping. The percentage of the breakthrough and cartridge retained material were measured in liquid dichloromethane. The SFE conditions could be optimized to separate metal chelates during the extraction. The supercritical fluid (SF) behaviour of different ligands on rhodium were investigated. Received: 19 July 1996/Revised: 11 December 1996/Accepted: 14 December 1996     

Characteristic behavior of macro-, semimicro- and microelectrodes in voltammetric and chronoamperometric measurements

The advantages of microelectrodes such as the improvement of signal-to-noise ratio, the ability to perform electrochemical measurements in high resistive solutions and small RC-time constants give the possibility of an extended use for voltammetric and chronoamperometric techniques in analytical chemistry. In this comparative study, the microelectrode properties of three selected electrodes were examined. The characterization of a RAM-microarray electrode, an epoxy-impregnated carbon electrode and a conventional glassy carbon macroelectrode was performed by cyclic voltammetry at different scan rates, by DP-voltammetric measurements using different concentrations of supporting electrolyte and by transient measurements. It could be shown, that in comparison to the microarray electrode and to the glassy carbon macroelectrode, respectively, the results obtained by using the epoxy-impregnated carbon electrode are caused by its semimicroelectrode character.     

Amination of aromatic olefins with anilines: a new domino synthesis of quinolines

A new catalytic amination of aromatic olefins with anilines is presented. In a domino reaction, substituted quinoline derivatives are obtained in the presence of cationic rhodium complexes, such as [Rh(cod)2]BF4, and PPh3. Ethylbenzene is formed as a by-product in this new oxidative reaction. The first transition metal catalyzed anti-Markovnikov hydroamination of styrene with anilines occurs as a side reaction. Mechanistic investigations strongly support the regioselective oxidative amination of styrene as the key reaction step.     

Schwermetallchelate von α-Cyano-β-amino-dithioacrylsäureestern

Heavy Metal Chelates of α-Cyano-β-amino-dithioacrylates The inner metal chelates of Pd^II, Ni^II, Co^III, and Ag^I with α-cyano-β-amino-dithioacrylates have been prepared. The coordination of the dithioester group and the amine nitrogen (S/N-coordination) has been proved by the chemical shift of the S2p and N1s electron binding energies in the ESCA spectra.