Broadcasting, Scalability, and Reconfigurability Aspects in an All-Optical Network Architecture

All-optical networks are a sound answer to the huge data traffic demand expected for the forthcoming information society. Interesting networking aspects are the broadcasting, scalability, and reconfiguration in an all-optical environment. These issues are addressed in the present article for an all-optical network called MATRIX, which is time slotted and uses packet switching. The architecture enables the all-optical interconnection of a large number of nodes with both a small number of wavelengths and wavelength continuity based on a consequent exploitation of wavelength-division multiplexing and space-division multiplexing (i.e., multiple fibers per cable are used). For an efficient use of the resources, each node is equipped with multiple transmitters and receivers, respectively. Two different broadcasting schemes are investigated. An analytical model is developed, and the corresponding simulation results are in good agreement. It is further shown how different networks of arbitrary size can be interconnected to larger all-optical network clusters, thereby providing scalability not only with respect to the number of nodes but also to the geographical extension. Finally, wavelength reassignments allow change of optical paths through the network in case of changing traffic patterns or network failures in order to best exploit the available network resources. The total number of possible configurations is determined by the theory of Latin Squares.     

On the occasion of being awarded the title of doctor honoris causa at the university of montpellier II

Abstract

Je suis très honoréde recevoir le titre de Docteur Honoris Causa de 1 Université de Montpellier, une des Universités les plus anciennes et les plus prestigieuses de France et d'Europe. Je considère que c′est une preuve de genérosité de la part des autorités de I'Université que d'honorer quelqu'un qui a une lacune manifeste. En efet, si je parle, je préfére I'anglais. Si je pense, je le fais naturellement en allemand. Et sije me tais, c'est souvent en français. J'espére que le grand honneur que l'on me fait ne va donc pas à l'encontre de la constitution française.

Vous savez, aujourd'hui, il est trés facile de communiquer par Fax et e-mail. Mais, sans une langue commune, aucune communication n'est possible. Heureusement, les scientifiques ont inventé des langues formelles et logiques comme le FORTRAN et le C++. Mais ces langues ne suflsent pas pour exprimer la gratitude que J'éprouve à être ici, dans une robe magnijique et unique. Je suis persuadé que j'ai fini par éveiller l'admiration de ma chère epouse et peut-être aussi le respect de quelques personnes présentes dans cette vénérable salle. Mais pour exprimer quelques pensées plus sérieuses, “Lmore earnest”, il me faut changer ma langue muette contre ma langue parlante, l'anglais.     

Temperaturverteilung in einem spiralförmig beheizten Rohr

Zusammenfassung Diese theoretische Arbeit befaßt sich mit der stationären Temperaturverteilung in einer Rohrwand, die von außen von einem oder mehreren parallelen elektrischen Heizleitern beheizt wird. Die Heizleiter sind spiralförmig auf das Rohr aufgewickelt. Innen wird das Rohr konvektiv gekühlt. Zur Lösung des Problems läßt sich die Wärmeleitgleichung in einem spiralförmigen Koordinatensystem aufstellen und dann mit der Annahme vereinfachen, daß alle Isothermen spiralförmig verlaufen. Die so erhaltene Differentialgleichung wird mit der Methode der Trennung der Variablen gelöst. Von besonderem Interesse sind die Temperaturunterschiede auf der Rohrinnenwand, die sich auf Grund der ungleichförmigen Beheizung ergeben. Die Rechnung zeigt, das man die Innenwandtemperatur als konstant annehmen darf, solange der axiale Abstand zweier Heizleiter, bei einer einfachen Wicklung also die Ganghöhe, kleiner ist als die Wandstärke des Rohres. Ist dieser Abstand jedoch doppelt so groß wie die Wandstärke, so können die Temperaturschwankungen auf der Rohrinnenwand in derselben Größenordnung sein wie die mittlere Differenz zwischen der Innenwandtemperatur und der Temperatur des strömenden Mediums.

---

Temperature distribution in a helically heated tube

The paper is concerned with the steady state temperature distribution in a tube wall which is heated by one or several parallel line sources. The line sources are wound helically on the outer wall of the tube, which is internally cooled by convection. The heat conduction equation is formulated in helical coordinates and solved by the method of separation of variables. Special attention is paid to the temperature inhomogenities on the inner tube wall. It is shown that the inner tube wall can be assumed isothermal, if the axial distance between two line sources is smaller than the wall thickness. If this distance is twice as large as the wall thickness the temperature inhomogenities on the inner surface can be of the same order of magnitude as the difference between the average temperature of the inner surface and the temperature of the cooling medium.

---

Formelzeichen Biot-Zahl - H Ganghöhe einer Spirale - I, K Assoziierte Bessel-Funktionen - N_jm siehe Gl. (34) - Q_L Heizleistung eines Heizleiters pro Längeneinheit - R_a, R_i Außen- und Innenradius des Rohres - T Temperatur - T=T₁–T₂ Temperaturdifferenz zwischen dem wärmsten und kältesten Punkt auf der Rohrinnenwand - T_m Temperatur des Kühlmediums im Rohr - a_j, b_j, c_j, d_j Koeffizienten in Gl. (11) - e_j Fourier-Koeffizienten in Gl. (23) - k_j Eigenwerte der Differentialgleichung - l_j=j · m Ordnung der assoziierten Bessel-Funktionen - m Zahl der Heizleiter - q Mittlere Wärmestromdichte auf der Rohrinnenwand - q_a Wärmestromdichteverteilung auf der Außenwand - r,, z Zylinderkoordinaten - s=R_a–R_i Wandstärke des Rohres - u, v, w Schraubenkoordinaten - a Wärmeübergangszahl auf der Rohrinnenwand - Wärmeleitfähigkeit der Rohrwand - _a, _r axiale und radiale Wärmeleitfähigkeit Herrn Professor Dr. P. Grassmann zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Messungen an Modellen zur Bestimmung der Luftkräfte und der Druckverteilung an Eisenbahnzügen im Tunnel

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Longitudinal investigation of the metabolome of 3D aggregating brain cell cultures at different maturation stages by 1H HR-MAS NMR

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry - The aim of the present study was to establish the developmental profile of metabolic changes of 3D aggregating brain cell cultures by 1H high-resolution...     

Principle and Potential of Gradient Elution in Planar Chromatography

It was the intention of this paper to show some recent developments in thin layer chroma-togrphy aiming at increasing the separation efficiency by instrumental means and techniquesusing existing separation layers. Gradient elution in the normal phase is a most efficient wayto achieve this goal. Multi-dimensional separations by coupling gradient elution column liquid chromatography inthe reversed phase with AMD gradient elution in normal phase is suitable to achieve newdimensions of separation numbers. Assuming that the N numbers reported for HPLC translateinto separation numbers near 100, by coupling the two kinds of chromatography, separationnumbers around 500 become practically usable.     

New isotope227Rn and revised halflives for223Rn and226Rn

Neutron-rich isotopes of radon, produced by spallation reactions in a ThC² target and selected chemically, were mass-separated and used as samples for radiation counting experiments. Assignments of the activities to radon isotopes were confirmed by genetic relationships to the previously known francium daughters. The halflife for the new isotope²²⁷Rn is 23±1 s and that for²²⁶Rn is 7.4±0.1 min. X-rays,γ-rays, and conversion electrons from the²²³Rn activity were measured. The decay patterns ofK X-rays and known gamma transitions in the²²³Fr daughter yield a halflife of 23.2± 0.4 min for²²³Rn, in contrast to the value of 43± 5 min reported earlier. Energies, intensities, and likely multipolarities for the most prominent gamma transitions in the²²³Rn→²²³Fr decay are presented.     

Chemisorption of isolated Br atoms on Si(100)-(2 × 1) studied by PAC

Chemisorption and desorption of isolated bromine adatoms on the Si(100)-(2 × 1) surface were investigated with nuclear methods. Br adsorption sites at low coverages of 10⁻³ monolayers (ML) were characterised by measuring the nuclear quadrupole interaction with perturbed γγ-angular correlation (PAC) of ⁷⁷Br→⁷⁷Se probe atoms. Below room temperature, two distinct adsorption sites for Br are revealed by PAC. One of them disappears after isochronal annealing above 300 K. The more stable probe-atom state is associated with single Br atoms saturating a dangling bond of the surface, while the less stable state is attributed to adsorption of Br at a bridge site. The potential barrier between the two adsorption sites is estimated to be 0.9(1) eV. At temperatures above 550 K, the fraction of atoms on distinct sites decreases, presumably due to surface diffusion. By measuring the γ-activity of the sample, complete desorption of the ⁷⁷Br atoms was observed above 620 K.     

Liquid crystalline polymers: From self-organization to functions and applications

Liquid crystals derive their unusual properties and their broad range of applications from their unique spatial and orientational order giving rise to specific symmetries, to strong anisotropies with respect to macroscopical properties and to a strong coupling to external fields. We have studied for liquid crystalline polymers modes of inducing strong modifications of the anisotropic optical properties locally in solid films by light. A storage process is described in this contribution which is based on light-induced trans-cis-trans-isomerization reactions of azobenzene chromophores attached to a polymer backbone as side groups in liquid crystalline polymers. The chromophores are able to rotate in the glassy state if subjected to linearly polarized light: the azobenzene units approach a saturation orientation which is perpendicular to the polarization direction of the light. The contribution discusses the molecular mechanism of this process as well as possible applications.