Synthesis of benzothiazoles via ipso substitution of ortho-methoxythiobenzamides

An efficient route to the synthesis of benzothiazoles from ortho-methoxythiobenzamides via the ipso substitution of an aromatic methoxy group is presented, and the mechanism of the Jacobson synthesis of benzothiazoles is further investigated.     

Latex Fractionation by Sedimentation and Colloidal Crystallization: The Case of Poly(styrene-co-acrylamide)

Poly(styrene-co-acrylamide) (PS-AAM) latex was prepared, fractionated by sedimentation under gravity, and characterized by PCS, infrared spectra, secondary and backscattered electron imaging in the scanning electron microscope, and electron spectroscopy imaging in an analytical transmission electron microscope. Three latex fractions were obtained. The lower fraction was opalescent and its particles were the more uniform, concerning size, chemical composition, and topochemical features. This lower fraction was still further fractionated by zonal centrifugation in a density gradient, yielding two fractions with similar macrocrystal-forming abilities but different sizes and chemical compositions. These results confirm those previously obtained for the PS-HEMA latex. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Single-beam and enhanced two-beam second-harmonic generation from silicon nanocrystals by use of spatially inhomogeneous femtosecond pulses

Optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) is used as a noninvasive probe of the interfaces of Si nanocrystals (NCs) embedded uniformly in an SiO2 matrix. Measurements of the generated SH mode verify that the second-harmonic polarization has a nonlocal dipole form proportional to (E x Delta inverted) E that depends on inhomogeneities in the incident field E, as proposed in recent models based on a locally noncentrosymmetric dipolar response averaged over the spherical NC interfaces. A two-beam SHG geometry is found to enhance this polarization greatly compared to single-beam SHG, yielding strong signals useful for scanning, spectroscopy, and real-time monitoring. This configuration provides a general strategy for enhancing the second-order nonlinear response of centrosymmetric samples, as demonstrated here for both Si nanocomposites and their glass substrates.