It is generally in a firm’s interest for its supply chain partners to invest in innovations. To the extent that these innovations either reduce the partners’ variable costs or stimulate demand for the end product, they will tend to lead to higher levels of output for all of the firms in the chain. However, in response to the innovations of its partners, a firm may have an incentive to opportunistically increase its own prices. The possibility of such opportunistic behavior creates a hold-up problem that leads supply chain partners to underinvest in innovation. Clearly, this hold-up problem could be eliminated by a pre-commitment to price. However, by making an advance commitment to price, a firm sacrifices an important means of responding to demand uncertainty. In this paper we examine the trade-off that is faced when a firm’s channel partner has opportunities to invest in either cost reduction or quality improvement, i.e. demand enhancement. Should it commit to a price in order to encourage innovation, or should it remain flexible in order to respond to demand uncertainty. We discuss several simple wholesale pricing mechanisms with respect to this trade-off. 相似文献
Electron paramagnetic resonance of [MoOCl5]2? has been studied in single crystals of NH4Cl. At room temperature the interaction of the unpaired electron with both the even and odd isotopes of molybdenum has been observed. The existence of metal-halogen π bonding is established by the observation of the ligand superhyperfine interaction at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Various possible models corresponding to the different spatial configurations of the molybdenyl complex in the lattice are considered to explain the experimentally observed features. The spectra are analysed using the usual spin-hamiltonian corresponding to tetragonal symmetry. The spin-hamiltonian parameters obtained are: g∥ = 1.964, g? = 1.945, A∥ = 75.53 × 10?4 cm?1, A⊥ = 38.42 × 10?4 cm?1. 相似文献
Laser-induced luminescence in quasi-one-dimensional Ba(Pt, Ni)(CN)4·nH2O crystals has been measured from 5 to 300 K. A well-defined luminescence peak is observed, corresponding to an excited electronic state of platinum and nickel. Energy transfer from this Pt—Ni excited state to Pt(CN)42? clusters is found to be very much dependent on the temperature. 相似文献
This paper is motivated by the widespread availability of AI tools, whose adoption and consequent benefits are still not well understood. As a first step, some critical issues that relate to AI tools in general, humans in the context of AI tools, and AI tools in the context of operations management are identified. A discussion of how these issues could hinder employee adoption and use of AI tools is presented. Building on this discussion, the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology is used as a theoretical basis to propose individual characteristics, technology characteristics, environmental characteristics and interventions as viable research directions that could not only contribute to the adoption literature, particularly as it relates to AI tools, but also, if pursued, such research could help organizations positively influence the adoption of AI tools.
A series of octahedral RuII/RuIII complexes of the type [Ru(Y)(CO)(BAX)(PPh3)2] and [RuCl2(BAX)(PPh3)2] (Y = H or Cl; BAX = benzaldehydeacetylhydrazone anion; X = H, Me, OMe, OH, Cl or NO2) have been prepared and characterised by spectral, magnetic and cyclic voltammetric studies. The RuII complexes are low spin diamagnetic (S = 0) whereas the RuIII complexes are low spin and paramagnetic (S = 1/2). These RuII and RuIII complexes absorb in the visible region respectively at ca. 16,000 and 28,000 cm–1 which bands are assigned to the MLCT. The correlation of the max values of the RuIII complexes with the + Hammett parameter, is linear, indicating the profound effect of substituents on the electron density of the central metal. I.r. spectral data reveals that the hydrazone is chelated to ruthenium through the hydrazinic nitrogen and the deprotonated enolic oxygen. The rhombic nature of the e.s.r. spectra of the RuIII complexes indicates an asymmetry in the electronic environment around the Ru atom. RuII complexes in CH2Cl2 show an irreversible RuII/III redox couple at ca. 0.9–0.5 V, while the RuIII complexes show two reversible redox couples in the –0.1–0.1 and 0.8–0.6 V range, indicating that the higher oxidation state of ruthenium is stabilised by hydrazones. 相似文献
The spreading of a liquid drop over liquid subphase can be driven by change in interfacial tension mediated through a surfactant, volatile solvent or photoinduced reaction. In contrast to the spreading dynamics of a liquid drop, a liquid crystal drop with anisotropic structure can lead to interesting behaviour due to its viscoelasticity and anchoring at the interfaces. Recently, we have reported studies on unusual spreading and retraction dynamics of a smectic domain doped with a fluorescent dye in the collapsed state of a Langmuir monolayer. Under epifluorescence microscope, during excitation, a stack of layers of the dye-doped smectic domain gets sheared causing the domain to spread asymmetrically. Further, due to line tension, the domain transforms into a circular shape. We also find the domain size to be about twice that of the initial size. Interestingly, in the absence of excitation, the domain retracts to a smaller area. During retraction of the domain, successive generation of edge dislocation loops arising from a nucleus results in an increase in the domain thickness. The dynamics of spreading and retraction of the domain can be understood by invoking changes in the spreading coefficient due to photoinduced modification of the interfacial tension. 相似文献