右墨炉原子化器中铅的原子化机理

本文用时间分辨技术研究了石墨炉原子化器中铅的原子化机理,证实了氧化铅在石墨管表面被碳还原成金属铅这一反应过程。     

Nonequilibrium free energy and information flow of a double quantum-dot system with Coulomb coupling

We build a double quantum-dot system with Coulomb coupling and aim at studying connections among the entropy production, free energy, and information flow. By utilizing concepts in stochastic thermodynamics and graph theory analysis, Clausius and nonequilibrium free energy inequalities are built to interpret local second law of thermodynamics for subsystems. A fundamental set of cycle fluxes and affinities is identified to decompose two inequalities by using Schnakenberg's network theory. Results show that the thermodynamic irreversibility has energy-related and information-related contributions. A global cycle associated with the feedback-induced information flow would pump electrons against the bias voltage, which implements a Maxwell demon.