Application of alkoxide in catalytic transfer hydrogenation of unsaturated nitrogen compounds

Alcoholate was utilized in catalytic transfer hydrogenation of unsaturated nitrogen compounds. In the reduction of nitro compounds, oximes and imines, alkoxide was used as the promoter, with alcohol as the hydrogen source, while in the reduction of nitriles, alkoxide was used as the hydrogen source.     

Impact of post-injection strategy on the physicochemical properties and reactivity of diesel in-cylinder soot

Post injection has significant benefit in the reduction of diesel soot emissions. Therefore, there is a need to understand the effect of post-injection strategy on soot physicochemical properties and reactivity because they play an important role in soot oxidation process that governs the final soot emissions. This work focuses on the impact of post injection on the physicochemical properties and reactivity of diesel in-cylinder soot using a main plus post injection (M*P) and a single injection (M) strategy. The soot was sampled by a developed total cylinder sampling system, and the dividing points of soot formation-dominant and oxidation-dominant phases were used for studying the impacts of post injection on the characteristics of in-cylinder soot. The physicochemical properties of the soot samples, including primary particle size, nanostructure, carbon chemical state and surface functional groups, were characterized. The soot reactivity was evaluated in terms of peak temperature, burnout temperature and apparent activation energy. In the oxidation-dominant phase, the M*P soot initially possesses smaller primary particle size, shorter fringe length, larger tortuosity, lower sp²/sp³ hybridization ratio of carbon atoms and higher content of aliphatic CH groups than the M soot. The beneficial influence of physicochemical properties on soot reactivity when using post injection is validated by the thermogravimetric data, which shows that the M*P soot is more reactive than the M soot at the onset of the oxidation-dominant phase. In the M*P case, the soot generated from the main-injection combustion has lower reactivity than the soot from the post-injection combustion after they experience the soot formation-dominant phase. The results indicate that the use of post injection leads to in-cylinder soot with physicochemical properties that favor reactivity. The enhancement of reactivity means that the soot will be more readily oxidized in the subsequent combustion process, and consequently contributes to a reduction in final soot emissions.     

A two-step method for estimating high-dimensional Gaussian graphical models

The problem of estimating high-dimensional Gaussian graphical models has gained much attention in recent years. Most existing methods can be considered as one-step approaches, being either regression-based or likelihood-based. In this paper, we propose a two-step method for estimating the high-dimensional Gaussian graphical model. Specifically, the first step serves as a screening step, in which many entries of the concentration matrix are identified as zeros and thus removed from further consideration. Then in the second step, we focus on the remaining entries of the concentration matrix and perform selection and estimation for nonzero entries of the concentration matrix. Since the dimension of the parameter space is effectively reduced by the screening step,the estimation accuracy of the estimated concentration matrix can be potentially improved. We show that the proposed method enjoys desirable asymptotic properties. Numerical comparisons of the proposed method with several existing methods indicate that the proposed method works well. We also apply the proposed method to a breast cancer microarray data set and obtain some biologically meaningful results.     

Random spectral theorems of self-adjoint random linear operators on complete complex random inner product modules

The purpose of this article is to give two random spectral theorems of self-adjoint random linear operators on complete complex random inner product modules.     

A Supramolecular Hydrogel Inspired by Elastin

Self‐assembly prevails in nature and learning from nature will lead to biofunctional materials. Inspired by the protein of elastin, we reported in this study on a supramolecular hydrogel bearing the elastin repeating peptide of VPGAG. The visco‐elasticity property, morphology of the nanostructures, and aromatic stacking in the self‐assembled nanostructure were characterized by a rheometry, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and fluorescence microscope, respectively. The biocompatibility of the gelator was also proved by an MTT assay. Though the supramolecular hydrogel failed to exhibit a high elasticity like elastin, the thixotropic hydrogel might have potentials for the applications in fields of cell culture, controlled‐drug release, etc.     

Model Selection Consistency of Lasso for Empirical Data

Large-scale empirical data, the sample size and the dimension are high, often exhibit various characteristics. For example, the noise term follows unknown distributions or the model is very sparse that the number of critical variables is fixed while dimensionality grows with n. The authors consider the model selection problem of lasso for this kind of data. The authors investigate both theoretical guarantees and simulations, and show that the lasso is robust for various kinds of data.     

完备随机赋范代数中的Gleason-Kahane-Zelazko定理

首先给出在某个层次上可乘的L^0-线性函数的概念．进一步，建立了单位的完备随机赋范代数中的Gleason-Kahane-Zelazko定理．     

BN诱导BiOI富氧{110}面的暴露并增强其可见光催化氧化性能

Photocatalytic oxidation is a promising technology for governing emission of environmental pollutants and managing energy crisis. Typically, the photocatalytic performance of photocatalysts is highly dependent on the type of exposed crystal surfaces. As a semiconductor oxide photocatalyst, the different exposed crystal surfaces of bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) exhibit different photocatalytic oxidation performances. In this study, we chose BiOI as the model material and provided a novel method to improve the photocatalytic oxidation performance by regulating the main exposed crystal facets. Using boron nitride (BN) nanosheets as the templates, two-dimensional/two-dimensional (2D/2D) BiOI/BN nanocompounds were fabricated via an in situ growth method. Owing to the electrostatic interaction, the positively charged BiOI {001} facets prefer to contact the negatively charged BN {001} facet, thus inducing the exposure of BiOI {110} facets. This was identified via X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analyses. Compared with BiOI {001} facets, there were more lattice oxygen atoms in the BiOI {110} facets. Thus, the exposure of BiOI {110} facets would promote more surface lattice oxygen atoms exposed on the surface of BiOI, which was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. To evaluate the photocatalytic oxidation performance of BiOI/BN, the photocatalytic NO oxidation reaction was tested under visible light irradiation (λ > 420 nm). Among all the nanocompounds, the BiOI/BN-1.0:1.4 nanocompound exhibited the best NO oxidation ratio of 44.2%, which was almost 30 times higher than that of pristine BiOI (1.4%). The enhanced photocatalytic activity could be attributed to the following two aspects. One, the successful combination of BN effectively promoted the separation of photogenerated carriers, which was identified by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectra, transient photocurrent responses, and electrochemical impedance spectra. Two, benefiting from the introduction of BN nanosheets, BiOI tends to mainly expose the oxygen-rich {110} facets. As a result, the content of O on the BiOI surface increased from 38.3% to 46.6%. Thus, NO preferred to adsorb on the {110} facets of BiOI nanosheets, which was confirmed by theoretical and experimental results. More importantly, the adsorbed NO spontaneously combined with the lattice oxygen atom of the BiOI (110) surface to form nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). These findings can provide a novel strategy to tune exposed oxygen-rich facets by constructing 2D/2D photocatalysts for ensuring efficient photocatalytic oxidation performance.      

基于元素及稳定同位素分析的大黄鱼产地区分技术

为实现对4种大黄鱼（Larimichthys crocea）产地（分别来自福建宁德养殖、浙江温州养殖、浙江舟山养殖和舟山渔场自然海域捕捞）的区分，应用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry，ICP-MS）及元素分析-同位素质谱仪对大黄鱼肌肉中19种矿物元素及δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N和C、N元素的质量分数进行了测定，基于质量分数差异并结合主成分分析（principal component analysis，PCA）、聚类分析（cluster analysis，CA）和Fisher判别分析对4种不同产地大黄鱼进行区分。单因素方差分析（ANOVA）及事后多重比较（LSD和Tamhane T²检验）结果表明，12种元素（C、N、Mg、Al、K、Ti、Cr、Cu、Zn、Se、Sn、Ba）及δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N在不同产地大黄鱼中具有较明显的地域特征差异。PCA结果表明，前2个主成分（累计方差贡献率为64.1%）的得分散点图分成了4个相对集中的区域，4种不同产地大黄鱼彼此无重叠，能被有效区分。CA结果表明，4种不同产地大黄鱼中除温州养殖大黄鱼样本被分为两类，其他3种大黄鱼样本均各自聚为一类。Fisher判别分析结果显示，原始分类结果的判别准确率为100%，“留一法”交叉验证分类结果显示，有85.7%的舟山养殖大黄鱼样本被正确分类，14.3%的被误判为温州养殖大黄鱼，其余3种大黄鱼样本分类准确率均为100%。研究结果表明，利用元素及稳定同位素比值差异结合化学计量学分析手段，可有效实现大黄鱼的产地区分，为大黄鱼产地鉴别提供参考。     

Methane Photooxidation with Nearly 100 % Selectivity Towards Oxygenates: Proton Rebound Ensures the Regeneration of Methanol

Restrained by uncontrollable dehydrogenation process, the target products of methane direct conversion would suffer from an inevitable overoxidation, which is deemed as one of the most challenging issues in catalysis. Herein, based on the concept of a hydrogen bonding trap, we proposed a novel concept to modulate the methane conversion pathway to hinder the overoxidation of target products. Taking boron nitride as a proof-of-concept model, for the first time it is found that the designed N−H bonds can work as a hydrogen bonding trap to attract electrons. Benefitting from this property, the N−H bonds on the BN surface rather than C−H bonds in formaldehyde prefer to cleave, greatly suppressing the continuous dehydrogenation process. More importantly, formaldehyde will combine with the released protons, which leads to a proton rebound process to regenerate methanol. As a result, BN shows a high methane conversion rate (8.5 %) and nearly 100 % product selectivity to oxygenates under atmospheric pressure.