A Critical Look at Strings

Following the invitation of the editors of Foundations of Physics, I give here a personal assessment of string theory, from the point of view of an outsider, and I compare it with the theory, methods, and expectations of my own field.     

Loop-quantum-gravity vertex amplitude

Spin foam models are hoped to provide the dynamics of loop-quantum gravity. However, the most popular of these, the Barrett-Crane model, does not have the good boundary state space and there are indications that it fails to yield good low-energy n-point functions. We present an alternative dynamics that can be derived as a quantization of a Regge discretization of Euclidean general relativity, where second class constraints are imposed weakly. Its state space matches the SO(3) loop gravity one and it yields an SO(4)-covariant vertex amplitude for Euclidean loop gravity.     

Particle scattering in loop quantum gravity

We devise a technique for defining and computing -point functions in the context of a background-independent gravitational quantum field theory. We construct a tentative implementation of this technique in a perturbatively finite model defined using spin foam techniques in the context of loop quantum gravity.     

Review: Gas of Wormholes: A Possible Ground State of Quantum Gravity

In order to gain insight into the possible Ground State of Quantized Einstein's Gravity, we have derived a variational calculation of the energy of the quantum gravitational field in an open space, as measured by an asymptotic observer living in an asymptotically flat space-time. We find that for Quantum Gravity (QG) it is energetically favourable to perform its quantum fluctuations not upon flat space-time but around a "gas" of wormholes of mass m _p, the Planck mass (m _p 10¹⁹ GeV) and average distance l _p, the Planck length a _p(a _p 10^–33 cm). As a result, assuming such configuration to be a good approximation to the true Ground State of Quantum Gravity, space-time, the arena of physical reality, turns out to be well described by Wheeler's quantum foam and adequately modeled by a space-time lattice with lattice constant l _p, the Planck lattice.     

Prediction of the ground motion in Italy: a preliminary attempt

Summary The strong-motion accelerograms written by moderate and strong earthquakes occurring in Central Italy in recent years have been used to estimate physical quantities characterizing the spectrum of motion in the band of engineering interest (0.1 Hz≲f≲20 Hz). The source, propagation and site response parameters obtained in these analyses have therefore been employed to check if theoretical models may be used to correctly predict the trend of the peak values of seismic excitationvs. earthquake size in the areas investigated. For the selected data set, representative of a seismotectonic environment generating earthquakes with prevalent normal faulting (up to a magnitudeM _l ∼7, at depths varying roughly from 5 to 15 km), the assumed spectral model allows successful statistical predictions showing that specific site response is the main factor responsible for the large fluctuations often observed in the data behaviour, at similar magnitudes and distances from focus.

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Riassunto Gli accelerogrammi registrati in occasione di terremoti da moderati a forti nell'Italia Centrale negli ultimi anni sono stati utilizzati per la stima delle grandezze fisiche che caratterizzano lo spettro del moto nella banda di interesse ingegneristico (0.1 Hz≲f≲20 Hz). La parametrizzazione ottenuta per descrivere, mediamente, i meccanismi della sorgente, della propagazione e degli effetti di sito è stata quindi usata per verificare se i modelli teorici possono essere utilmente usati per prevedere gli andamenti dei valori di picco del moto in funzione dell'entità del terremoto. Per i dati selezionati, rappresentativi di un ambiente sismotettonico in grado di generare terremoti con meccanismi prevalentemente distensivi (fino ad una magnitudoM _l ∼7, con profondità variabile all'incirca tra 5 e 15 km), il modello spettrale prescelto consente delle previsioni soddisfacenti da un punto di vista statistico, mostrando che la specifica risponsta dei siti è probabilmente il fattore che provoca le sensibili fluttuazioni spesso osservate per i valori di picco del moto, anche a parità di magnitudo e distanza dal fuoco.

     

The boundary is mixed

We show that in Oeckl’s boundary formalism the boundary vectors that do not have a tensor form represent, in a precise sense, statistical states. Therefore the formalism incorporates quantum statistical mechanics naturally. We formulate general-covariant quantum statistical mechanics in this language. We illustrate the formalism by showing how it accounts for the Unruh effect. We observe that the distinction between pure and mixed states weakens in the general covariant context, suggesting that local gravitational processes are naturally statistical without a sharp quantal versus probabilistic distinction.