Mild and Efficient Deoxygenation of Sulfoxides with a WCl6/Indium System

Dialkyl, diaryl, and aryl alkyl sulfoxides can be rapidly converted to the corresponding sulfides with a WCl₆/In system in excellent yields under mild conditions.     

Synthesis and characterisation of photopolymerisable liquid crystals based on the π-extended fluorene core and their corresponding non-reactive analogues

We have synthesised a series of new reactive mesogens with photopolymerisable di-acrylates and their corresponding non-reactive analogues based on the π-conjugated aromatic core, fluorene (F)-di-[thiophene (T)-benzene (B)], using the Stille and Suzuki coupling reaction. The effect of lateral alkyl chains on the 9-position of the central fluorene moiety as well as α, ω- side alkyl chains attached to the π-conjugated aromatic core on the mesomorphism was investigated by utilising differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarising optical microscopy (POM). A wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) study at the various temperatures was also carried out to reveal phase structures. Photopolymerisable di-acrylates connected directly to the rigid aromatic core showed higher phase transition temperatures, probably due to the induced dipole moment in comparison with those of a non-reactive methyl–ether counterpart.     

Thermogelling behaviors of poly(caprolactone‐b‐ethylene glycol‐b‐caprolactone) triblock copolymer in the presence of hyaluronic acid

In this article, we studied the effect of hyaluronic acid (HA) on thermogelation of poly(caprolactone‐b‐ethylene glycol‐b‐caprolactone) (PCL‐PEG‐PCL) aqueous solution designed as an injectable system for prevention of postsurgical tissue adhesion. The PCL‐PEG‐PCL triblock copolymers were simply synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone (CL) in the presence of PEG as a polymeric initiator. The synthesized copolymers were confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H‐NMR) spectroscopy. Possible interactions between HA and PCL‐PEG‐PCL triblock copolymers in the blend were evaluated by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effect of HA on the micellization of PCL‐PEG‐PCL aqueous solution was investigated by dye solubilization method and electrophoretic lighting scattering (ELS) spectrophotometer. Also, the thermogelling behaviors of the PCL‐PEG‐PCL triblock copolymers in the presence of HA and their mechanism were investigated by test tube inverting method, ¹³C‐NMR, ¹H‐NMR, Advanced Rheometic Expansion System (ARES), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The PCL‐PEG‐PCL/HA blend aqueous solutions undergo the sol‐gel‐sol transition in response to an increase in temperature (10–60 °C) and the gelation of the PCL‐PEG‐PCL was rather accelerated by HA. Presumably, this accelerated gelation seems to arise from the attractive interactions between them and the effect of chain confinement in the micelle corona region. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 3629–3637, 2008     

Some Conditions for Matrices over an Incline To Be Invertible and General Linear Group on an Incline

Inclines are the additively idempotent semirings in which products are less than or equal to either factor. In this paper, some necessary and sufficient conditions for a matrix over L to be invertible are given, where L is an incline with 0 and 1. Also it is proved that L is an integral incline if and only if GLn（L） = PLn （L） for any n （n 〉 2）, in which GLn（L） is the group of all n × n invertible matrices over L and PLn（L） is the group of all n × n permutation matrices over L. These results should be regarded as the generalizations and developments of the previous results on the invertible matrices over a distributive lattice.     

Voltammetric Antioxidant Analysis in Mineral Oil Samples Immobilized into Boron‐Doped Diamond Micropore Array Electrodes

Mineral oil microdroplets containing the model antioxidant N,N‐didodecyl‐N′,N′‐diethyl‐phenylene‐diamine (DDPD) are immobilized into a 100×100 pore‐array (ca. 10 μm individual pore diameter, 100 μm pitch) in a boron‐doped diamond electrode surface. The robust diamond surface allows pore filling, cleaning, and reuse without damage to the electrode surface. The electrode is immersed into aqueous electrolyte media, and voltammetric responses for the oxidation of DDPD are obtained. In order to further improve the current responses, 20 wt% of carbon nanofibers are co‐deposited with the oil into the pore array. Voltammetric signals are consistent with the oxidation of DDPD and the associated transfer of perchlorate anions (in aqueous 0.1 M NaClO₄) or the transfer of protons (in aqueous 0.1 M HClO₄). From the magnitude of the current response, the DDPD content in the mineral oil can be determined down to less than 1 wt% levels. Perhaps surprisingly, the reversible (or midpoint) potential for the DDPD oxidation in mineral oil (when immersed in 0.1 NaClO₄) is shown to be concentration‐dependent and to shift to more positive potential values for more dilute DDPD in mineral oil solutions. An extraction mechanism and the formation of a separate organic product phase are proposed to explain this behavior.     

Forward dynamics applied to a three-dimensional continuum-mechanical model of the upper limb

This paper introduces, for the first time, a methodology to achieve a forward dynamics simulation of the musculoskeletal system using three-dimensional continuum-mechanical skeletal muscle models. This is achieved by coupling one- and three-dimensional skeletal muscle models. The feasibility of this methodology is demonstrated through a forward dynamics simulation of the upper limb involving the biceps and triceps muscle. (© 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

基于EM算法和小波多尺度边缘检测的活动轮廓模型初始化

本文研究了活动轮廓模型初始化的问题.利用EM算法和小波多尺度边缘检测的方法,获得了活动轮廓模型的外部能量函数和初始曲线,并对于具体的X射线图像给出了实验结果和该算法的有效性.     

Coupling 3D and 1D Skeletal Muscle Models

This work introduces a modelling framework towards a forward dynamics simulation of skeletal muscle mechanics that couples three-dimensional (3D) continuum-mechanical-based Finite Element (FE) simulations to rigid body simulations. In this regard, this is a methodological approach, which incorporates different methods to realise simulations of the musculoskeletal system. Such simulations are at present computationally not feasible. To set up such a modelling framework the upper limp is selected. Here, the upper limb consists of an antagonistic muscle pair, the elbow (a simple hinge joint) and an external load. The skeletal muscles are represented by a 3D continuum-mechanical model. The tendons are, for now, assumed to be rigid. The results demonstrate the ability of the system to converge to a physiological realistic position. (© 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)