Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Microwave and Conventional Heated Almond Shells Using Phosphoric Acid Activation

Activated carbon production from almond shells using phosphoric acid activation agent was achieved by applying both conventional heating and microwave heating in succession. The morphology and surface properties of activated carbon were studied using thermogravimetric and differential gravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. A surface area of 1128 m²/g was achieved by optimizing the microwave power (500?W), microwave application time (15?minutes), conventional heating time (45?minutes), conventional heating temperature (500?°C), and the phosphoric acid:sample ratio (0.7:1). An adsorption capacity of methylene blue of 148?mg/g and an iodine value of 791?mg/g was obtained for the prepared activated carbon.     

Existence of positive solutions for nonlinear three-point problems on time scales

In this paper, by using fixed point theorems in cones, we study the existence of at least one, two and three positive solutions of a nonlinear second-order three-point boundary value problem for dynamic equations on time scales. As an application, we also give some examples to demonstrate our results.     

Lot Streaming in a Two-stage Flow Shop with Set-up,Processing and Removal Times Separated

This paper considers the job (lot) scheduling problem for two-stage flow shops in which the movement of transfer batches (sublots) from the first stage to the next are allowed. Set-up, processing and removal times are considered as separable and independent of the order in which jobs are processed at any of two stages. An optimal transfer batch sizing and scheduling algorithm which has an objective of minimizing the maximum flow time (makespan) is developed and demonstrated by a numerical example.     

Competitive adsorption and desorption of a bi-solute mixture: effect of activated carbon type

This study aims to clarify the effects of carbon activation type and physical form on the extent of adsorption capacity and desorption capacity of a bi-solute mixture of phenol and 2-chlorophenol (2-CP). For this purpose, two different PACs; thermally activated Norit SA4 and chemically activated Norit CA1, and their granular countertypes with similar physical characteristics, thermally activated Norit PKDA and chemically activated Norit CAgran, were used. The thermally activated carbons were better adsorbers for phenol and 2-CP compared with chemically activated carbons, but adsorption was more reversible in the latter case. 2-CP was adsorbed preferentially by each type of activated carbon, but adsorption of phenol was strongly suppressed in the presence of 2-CP. The simplified ideal adsorbed solution (SIAS) model underestimated the 2-CP loadings and overestimated the phenol loadings. However, the improved and modified forms of the SIAS model could better predict the competitive adsorption. The type of carbon activation was decisive in the application of these models. For each activated carbon type, phenol was desorbed more readily in the bi-solute case, but desorption of 2-CP was less compared with single-solute. This was attributed to higher energies of 2-CP adsorption.     

Spectroscopic Characterization and Biological Activity of Salicylaldehyde Thiazolyl Hydrazone Ligands and their Metal Complexes

Two novel bidentate Schiff base ligands, 2-(2-hydroxy-3,5-dichloro/diboromo) benzaldehyde-[4-(3-methyl-3-mesitylcyclobutyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]hydrazone, L¹H, L²H and their transition metal complexes are reported. The new ligands and their complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, Λ_M, infrared, u.v.–vis, ¹H- and ¹³C-n.m.r. spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The thermal properties of all complexes have been investigated by TG technique. The complexes contain two monoanionic, bidentate NO ligands. It was found that all the complexes are mononuclear. Antimicrobial activities of the ligands and their complexes have been tested against five different microorganisms, and some of the complexes were found to be active against some of the microorganisms studied.     

Binuclear and mononuclear cobalt(II), nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes of 4,4′-bis(alkylaminoisonitrosoacetyl)diphenyl-methane derivatives

4,4-Bis(chloroacetyl)diphenylmethane has been prepared from ClCH₂COCl and Ph₂CH₂. 4,4-Methylenebis(phenylglyoxylohydroximoyl chloride has also been obtained. Four new substituted 4,4-bis(alkylaminoisonitrosoacetyl)diphenylmethanes (ligands) have been prepared from 4,4-methylenebis(phenylglyoxylohydroximoyl chloride) and the corresponding amines. The Ni^II, Cu^II and Co^II complexes of these ligands were prepared and their structures were identified using AAS, i.r., ¹H-n.m.r. spectral data, elemental analyses and magnetic susceptibility measurements.     

A novel (E,E)-dioxime and its mono-, di- and trinuclear complexes bearing tetradentate octyl sulfanyl phenylamino substituents. Synthesis,characterization and electrochemical properties of its transition metal complexes

A new vic-dioxime, 13,14-bis-(hydroxyimino)-9,12,15,18-diazadithiaoctacosane, has been synthesized from 2-octylsulfanylaminobenzene and (E,E)-dichloroglyoxime. Mononuclear transition metal complexes of Ni^II, Cu^II, Co^II and Fe^II have been prepared and were found to have a metal–ligand ratio of 1:2. The synthesis of di- and trinuclear complexes was achieved with U^IVO₂ and Cu^II depending on the stoichiometry of the reactants. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, ¹H-n.m.r., u.v.–vis, i.r., f.a.b.-m.s. and by cyclic voltammetry.     

Phenolic compounds from the aerial parts of Clematis viticella L. and their in vitro anti-inflammatory activities*

Phytochemical investigations on the EtOH extract of Clematis viticella led to the isolation of six flavonoid glycosides, isoorientin (1), isoorientin 3′-O-methyl ether (2), quercetin 7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (3), quercetin 3,7-di-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (4), manghaslin (5) and chrysoeriol 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), one phenylethanol derivative, hydroxytyrosol (7), along with three phenolic acids, caffeic acid (8), (E)-p-coumaric acid (9) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (10). The structures of the isolates were elucidated on the basis of NMR and HR-MS data. All compounds were isolated from C. viticella for the first time. Compounds 7 and 8 showed significant anti-inflammatory activity at 100 μM by reducing the release of NO in LPS-stimulated macrophages comparable to positive control indomethacin. Compounds 3 and 7 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity through lowering the levels of TNF-α while 1, 3 and 5 decreased the levels of neopterin better than the positive controls.