As a clean and sustainable energy source, hydrogen is widely considered as an engine fuel by top researchers. In view of the fact that the uneven fuel mixture of diesel fuel deteriorated the combustion and emissions process, it is expected to adopt diesel and hydrogen dual-fuel combustion technology to optimize combustion and heat release of diesel engine. In this study, experiments are carried out on a diesel engine and the combustion characteristics of the engine with different hydrogen ratios (RH) are compared. It has been found that hydrogen addition is conducive to accelerate the heat release rate and improve the thermal efficiency. Specifically, compared with pure diesel conditions, the peak pressure increased by 7.7% and the cumulative heat release rate increased by 3.7% under the condition of RH of 20%. Moreover, although the effect on the ignition delay period is not clear, the higher RH brings about earlier heat release center and more cumulative heat release while enhancing the heat release of premixed combustion reducing the diffusion combustion and post-combustion.
Transport of subwavelength electromagnetic (EM) energy has been achieved through near‐field coupling of highly confined surface EM modes supported by plasmonic nanoparticles, in a configuration usually on a two‐dimensional (2D) substrate. Vertical transport of similar modes along the third dimension, on the other hand, can bring more flexibility in designs of functional photonic devices, but this phenomenon has not been observed in reality. In this paper, designer (or spoof) surface plasmon resonators (‘plasmonic meta‐atoms’) are stacked in the direction vertical to their individual planes in demonstrating vertical transport of subwavelength localized surface EM modes. The dispersion relation of this vertical transport is determined from coupled‐mode theory and is verified with a near‐field transmission spectrum and field mapping with a microwave near‐field scanning stage. This work extends the near‐field coupled resonator optical waveguide (CROW) theory into the vertical direction, and may find applications in novel three‐dimensional slow‐light structures, filters, and photonic circuits.
Inspired by the high light-harvesting properties of typical butterfly wings, ceramic WO3 butterfly wings with hierarchical structures of bio-butterfly wings was fabricated using a template of PapilioParis butterfly wings through a sol–gel method. The effect of calcination temperatures on the structures of the ceramic butterfly wings was investigated and the results showed that the WO3 butterfly wing replica calcined at 550 °C (WO3 replica-550) is a single phase and has a high crystallinity and relatively fine hierarchical structure. The average grain size of WO3 replica-550 and WO3 powder are around 32.6 and 42.2 nm, respectively. Compared with pure WO3 powder, WO3 replica-550 demonstrated a higher light-harvesting capability in the region from 460 to 700 nm and more importantly the higher charge separation rate, as evidenced by electron paramagnetic resonance measurements. Photocatalytic O2 evolutions from water were investigated on the ceramic butterfly wings and pure WO3 powder under visible light (λ > 420 nm). The results showed that the amount of O2 produced from WO3 replica-550 is 50 % higher than that of the pure WO3 powder. The improved photocatalytic performance of WO3 replica-550 is attributed to the quasi-honeycomb structure inherited from the PapilioParis butterfly wings, providing both high light-harvesting efficiency and efficient charge transport through the WO3. 相似文献