New synthetic approach to enantiopure bicyclic sulfonium salts: swainsonine analogues

The enantioselective synthesis of bicyclic sulfonium salts 8 or 9, thioanalogues of swainsonine derivatives, is described. The synthetic strategy is based on a stereo- and regiospecific transannular cyclization reaction of nine-membered cyclic sulfides, mediated by Me(3)SiI or carried out under acidic catalysis.     

Tablet of Spondias mombin L. Developed from Nebulized Extract Prevents Gastric Ulcers in Mice via Cytoprotective and Antisecretory Effects

Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae) has a worldwide distribution and is present in all regions of Brazil. Its leaves, flowers and bark are used as teas in folk medicine to treat diseases of the digestive system. This study aimed to evaluate the acute non-clinical toxicity, gastroprotective activity, and the related mechanisms of action of nebulized extract and tablets based on dried Spondias mombin (SmNE). SmNE screening showed the presence of flavonoids (0.65%), polyphenols (25.50%), where the major compound is gallic acid. In the acute oral toxicity assay, a dose of 2000 mg/kg of SmNE administered orally in Swiss mice did not induce any behavioral changes. SmNE (250 or 500 mg/kg p.o) significantly reduced the ulcerative lesion area when compared to the control group in ethanol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) models. Results showed that treatment with SmNE (250 mg/kg) reduced acid secretion and gastric content, accompanied with an increase in pH. Previous administration of indomethacin and glibenclamide reversed the protection provided by SmNE, confirming the participation of prostaglandins (PGs) and ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) in its gastroprotective effect. The SmNE tablets met the pharmacopeial quality requirements with gastroprotective activity and similar protection in comparison to the isolated extract administrated. In conclusion, SmNe has a gastroprotective activity related to cytoprotective mechanisms, such as the participation of endogenous prostaglandins and KATP channels, having an anti-secretory effect with systemic action. The formulation obtained presented gastroprotective effects similar to the administration of the extract, the tablets showed favorable compression characteristics by the direct route and met the pharmacopeial quality requirements.     

Zur Reaktionsweise von Diphenylcyclopropenon mit β-Carbonyl-enolaten. I. Einsatz von Acetylaceton,Acetessigsäure-methylester, 2-Äthoxycarbonyl-cyclododecanon und Malonsäure-dimethylester

Reaction of Diphenylcyclopropenone with β-Carbonyl-enolates. I. Use of Acetylacetone, Methyl Acetoacetate, 2-Ethoxycarbonyl-cyclododecanone and Dimethyl Malonate The reaction of the sodium salts of acetylacetone ( 6 ), methyl acetoacetate (7) , 2-ethoxycarbonyl-cyclododecanone (8) , dimethyl malonate (19) and its methyl derivative 20 with diphenylcyclopropenone ( 5 ) in dimethylformamide at room temperature led to the unsaturated γ-lactones 14, 15, 17, 22 and 36 . In the case of dimethyl malonate ( 19 ), the halfester 21 , the acyl-malonic ester 24 and the indenone-malonic ester 23 were also isolated. Several intermediates and the final products were characterised by reactions and spectroscopically. A general mechanism is discussed for the addition of cyclo-propenones ( 1 ) to the enolate salts of β-dicarbonyl compounds 4 involving the bicyclic lactone-enolates 18 and 32 as intermediates. The products formed via 18 and 32 are considered to be the result of an attack of one of the oxygen atoms of the β-carbonyl-enolate anion ( 4 ), the product 24 , on the other hand, of the attack of the α-carbon atom of 4 ; in both cases the attack is on the carbonyl C-atom of 5 .     

On double sine and cosine transforms,Lipschitz and Zygmund classes

We consider complex-valued functions f ∈ L 1 (R+2),where R +:= [0,∞),and prove sufficient conditions under which the double sine Fourier transform f ss and the double cosine Fourier transform f cc belong to one of the two-dimensional Lipschitz classes Lip(α,β) for some 0 α,β≤ 1;or to one of the Zygmund classes Zyg(α,β) for some 0 α,β≤ 2.These sufficient conditions are best possible in the sense that they are also necessary for nonnegative-valued functions f ∈ L 1 (R+2).     

Oxidation of glycated phosphatidylethanolamines: evidence of oxidation in glycated polar head identified by LC-MS/MS

Phosphatidylethanolamine glycation occurs in diabetic patients and was found to be related with oxidative stress and with diabetic complications. Glycated phosphatidylethanolamines seem to increase oxidation of other molecules; however, the reason why is not understood. In this work, we have studied the oxidation of glycated phosphatidylethanolamines (1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (PLPE) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (dPPE)) using a Fenton system. Liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization (ESI)–mass spectrometry and ESI–tandem mass spectrometry in both positive and negative modes were used for detecting and identifying the oxidation products. We were able to identify several oxidation products with oxidation in unsaturated sn-2 acyl chain of PLPE, as long- and short-chain products with main oxidation sites on C-7, C-8, C-9, and C-12 carbons. Other products were identified in both glycated PLPE and glycated dPPE, revealing that oxidation also occurs in the glycated polar head. This fact has not been reported before. These products may be generated from oxidation of glycated phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) as Schiff base, leading to short-chain product without the amine moiety, due to cleavage of glycated polar head and long-chain product with two keto groups linked to the glycated polar head or from glycated PE as Amadori product, short-chain products with –NHCHO and –NHCHOHCHO terminal in polar head. Oxidation of glycated phosphatidylethanolamines occurred more quickly than the oxidation of non-glycated phosphatidylethanolamines probably because of the existence of more oxidation sites derived from glycation of polar head group. Monitoring glycated polar head oxidation could be important to evaluate oxidative stress modifications that occur in diabetic patients.     

Über Ptolemäische Sätze

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Zur Reaktionsweise von Enaminen mit Cyclopropenonen II

The addition of diphenylcyclopropenone 2 to several enamines 1 as described by Ciabattoni & Berchtold [1] [2] has been reinvestigated. The products which were previously postulated to be enamines of β-dicarbonylcompounds 9 to 14 have now been shown to be ‘amides’ 16 to 20 . The reaction does not take the course of a ‘C, C-insertion’, which would have been useful for ring expansion, but rather of a ‘C, N-insertion’, which attaches a C₃ side chain to the α-carbon of enamines. This conclusion was reached by new interpretations of spectral data and by chemical transformations of old and new products. In the course of this reinvestigation, a new class of products, the amino-cyclopentenones 41 , 45 and 47 , were isolated from the enamine-cyclopro-penone-reaction. Their structures were proven by spectroscopic considerations and by chemical degradation. A systematic representation of these reactions is proposed in the reaction scheme.     

Über die Ordnungszahl der Klassen Eulerscher Polyeder

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

A general procedure for the synthesis of stereochemically pure conduritol derivatives practical also for solid-phase chemistry

A straightforward synthetic protocol apt to synthesize a library constituted by all conduritol stereoisomers in solution phase is described and successfully applied to some polymer-supported substrates. During the solid-phase sequence, an unprecedented rearrangement of a resin-bound sulfone performed under the Ramberg-B?cklund conditions appears of particular interest. Upon treatment with Me(3)Si-I, thiepanes supported on resin are found to undergo regio- and stereospecific ring contraction to a six-membered ring system with traceless cleavage from the solid support.