Salicylaldehyde and dihydroisobenzofuran derivatives from the marine fungus Zopfiella marina

Two salicylaldehyde derivatives (1 and 2), a hydroxymethylphenol (3), five dihydroisobenzofuran (4–8) derivatives, and a 5-chloro-3-deoxyisoochracinic acid (9), together with a known 3-deoxyisoochracinic acid (10) were isolated from the marine fungus Zopfiella marina BCC 18240 (or NBRC 30420). The structures of these compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis. Compound 1 showed weak antituberculous activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra, and antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus with MIC values of 25 and 12.5 μg/mL, respectively.     

Unstable Immiscible Displacements in Oil-Wet Rocks

Displacement of a viscous fluid by a lower viscosity immiscible fluid (such as waterflood of a viscous oil) in a porous medium is unstable. The displacement front generates viscous fingers which lead to low oil recovery efficiency. These fingers are much smaller in width than typical reservoir simulation grid blocks, and capturing their effect in reservoir simulation is important. A dimensionless scaling group (viscous finger number) had been suggested in the past, which has a power-law relationship with the breakthrough recovery and cumulative recovery in unstable core floods. The relative permeability used in large grid block simulations had been modified to so-called pseudo-relative permeability on the basis of the dimensionless group, thus incorporating the effect of fingers in waterflood predictions. However, the previous proposed models were constructed from experiments in only water-wet rocks. This paper extends the recent viscous fingering models to oil-wet systems. Sandstone cores were treated to alter the wettability to oil-wet. Adverse viscosity water floods were performed in oil-wet cores. Viscosity ratio, velocity and diameter were varied. It is shown that the previously developed viscous finger number does not work for the oil-wet experiments. The correlating dimensionless number is modified for oil-wet systems; it is also different from the dimensionless group identified by Peters and Flock (Soc Petroleum Eng, 1981. doi: 10.2118/8371-PA) for oil-wet cores. A pseudo-relative permeability model has been developed for oil-wet cores. Corefloods have been matched by the new pseudo-relative permeability model to determine the model parameters. This pseudo-relative permeability model can be used in reservoir simulations of water and polymer floods in viscous oil-wet reservoirs.