Erratum: Synthesis and characterization of diorganotin(IV) complexes of Schiff bases with ONO‐type donors and crystal structure of [N‐(2‐hydroxy‐4‐nitrophenyl)‐3‐ethoxysalicylideneiminato]diphenyltin(IV)

The article referenced above was first published online on 30 August 2007 with incorrect pagination; the pagination has now been corrected online and in print. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thermal evaluation of cashew nutshell liquid as new bioadditives for poly(methyl methacrylate)

In this study, the thermal-oxidative stability of poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, 1 % additivated with replenishable phenolic lipids is evaluated by thermogravimetric (TG/DTG) analyses and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. Since technical cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL), a byproduct from the cashew industry, is composed basically of two phenolic lipids, cardanol and cardol, the utilization of this industrial waste and its main components as a new source of bioadditives for use as antioxidants is evaluated. The TG analyses revealed that addition of the phenolic constituent of CNSL increased the thermal stability of PMMA films considerably. The results obtained were also confirmed by DSC analyses.     

Synthesis, thermal stability, electronic features, and antimicrobial activity of phenolic azo dyes and their Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes

Four water soluble azo dyes, 4-(isopropyl)-2-[(E)-(4-chlorophenyl)diazenyl]phenol (L ¹), 4-(isopropyl)-2-[(E)-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)diazenyl]phenol (L²), 4-(sec-butyl)-2-[(E)-(4-chlorophenyl) diazenyl]phenol (L ³), 4-(sec-butyl)-2-[(E)-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)diazenyl]phenol (L ⁴), and their Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes were synthesized and characterized using spectroscopic methods. Examination of their thermal stability revealed similar decomposition temperature of approximately 260–300°C and that they were more thermally stable than their metal complexes. Ni(II) complexes of ligands L² and L⁴ were more stable than the other coordination compounds. Among the synthesized ligands, L² and the complexes Cu(L³)₂ and Ni(L⁴)₂ showed both antimicrobial and antifungal activity. However, the other ligands and the complexes were poorly active against selected microorganisms.     

Evaluation of antioxidants on the thermo-oxidative stability of soybean biodiesel

This work shows the evaluation of three antioxidants (2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT)—synthetic antioxidant, hydrogenated cardanol (HC), and alkyl hydrogenated cardanol (AHC)—both derived from cashew nut shell liquid) on the thermo-oxidative stability of the soybean biodiesel. The antioxidants were added at concentrations of 200, 300, and 400 ppm, and the oxidative stability of the biofuel with and without antioxidants were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTG and IPDT) and Metrohm 743 Rancimat per the EN 14112 method. The results showed that all antioxidants contributed for the thermo-oxidative stability of the soybean biodiesel as follows: soybean biodiesel < soybean biodiesel + BHT < soybean biodiesel + HC < soybean biodiesel + AHC. In the Rancimat method, the results showed that the antioxidants influenced the biodiesel stability with an increase of at least 71 %.     

Synthesis of N,N‐Dimethylamines via Barbier–Grignard‐Type Electrophilic Amination

Aryl Grignard reagents react with N,N‐dimethyl O‐(mesitylenesulfonyl)hydroxylamine in THF under Barbier conditions at room temperature and give N,N‐dimethylanilines with high yields in a 2‐h reaction. The amination yield of in situ Grignard reagents were not lower than those of preformed aryl Grignard reagents. In situ cycloalkyl‐, allyl‐, and benzylmagnesium bromides did not react with N,N‐dimethyl O‐(mesitylenesulfonyl)hydroxylamine, except that amination of in situ n‐hexylmagnesium bromide resulted in a medium yield. Grignard–Barbier‐type amination of aryl bromides with N,N‐dimethyl O‐(mesitylenesulfonyl)hydroxylamine provides a new alternative route for the synthesis of N,N‐dimethylanilines.     

On the classical Maki–Thompson rumour model in continuous time

In this paper, the Maki–Thompson model is slightly refined in continuous time, and a new general solution is obtained for each dynamics of spreading of a rumour. It is derived an equation for the size of a stochastic rumour process in terms of transitions. We give new lower and upper bounds for the proportion of total ignorants who never learned a rumour and the proportion of total stiflers who either forget the rumour or cease to spread the rumour when the rumour process stops, under general initial conditions. Simulation results are presented for the analytical solutions. The model and these numerical results are capable to explain the behaviour of the dynamics of any other dynamical system having interactions similar to the ones in the stochastic rumour process and requiring numerical interpretations to understand the real phenomena better. The numerical process in the differential equations of the model is investigated by using error-estimates. The estimated error is calculated by the Runge–Kutta method and found either negligible or zero for a relatively small size of the population. This pioneering paper introduces a new mathematical method into Operations research, motivated by various areas of scientific, social and daily life, it presents numerical computations, discusses structural frontiers and invites the interested readers to future research.     

On some generalized sequence spaces of fuzzy numbers defined by a sequence of Orlicz functions

The purpose of the paper is to introduce the concepts of almost λ-statistical convergence and strongly almost λ-convergence of sequences of fuzzy numbers. We establish some connections between these concepts. It is also shown that if a sequence of fuzzy numbers is strongly almost λ-convergent with respect to a sequence of Orlicz funtions then it is almost λ-statistical convergent.     

On the mechanism of the N,N‐dimethyl amination of Grignard reagents: a kinetic study

A direct kinetic study is reported for the electrophilic amination of substituted phenylmagnesium bromides with N,N‐dimethyl O‐(mesitylenesulfonyl)hydroxylamine in THF. Rate data, Hammett relationship, and activation entropy are consistent with a S_N2 displacement involving the attack of carbanions to sp³N in the amination reagent (AR). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Backpulver Zur Bestimmung des Kohlendioxyds

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Effectiveness of Photodynamic Therapy in Elimination of HPV‐16 and HPV‐18 Associated with CIN I in Mexican Women

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT), using δ‐aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA), in the elimination of premalignant cervical lesions in Mexican patients with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and/or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Thirty women diagnosed with CIN I and/or positive for HPV participated in the study. Topical 6% 5‐ALA in gel form was applied to the uterine cervix; after 4 h, the lesion area was irradiated with a light dose of 200 J cm^?2 at 635 nm. This procedure was performed three times at 48‐h intervals. Clinical follow‐up was performed at 3, 6, and 12 months after the initial PDT administration, by colposcopy, cervical cytology, histopathological analysis, polymerase chain reaction, and hybrid capture. Of HPV‐infected patients without evidence of CIN I, 80% cleared the infection, while HPV associated with CIN I was eliminated in 83% of patients (P < 0.05). At 12 months, CIN I had regressed in 57% of patients, although this response was not statistically significant. PDT using 6% 5‐ALA is concluded to be effective in eliminating HPV infection associated or not with CIN I.