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1.
Andrzej Dabrowski Erich Robens Peter Klobes Klaus Meyer Przemyslaw Podkocielny 《Particle & Particle Systems Characterization》2003,20(5):311-322
Since a comprehensive survey published in 1999 [1] much work was done in standardizing measuring methods to characterize the surface geometry of dispersed and/or porous solids and to certify reference materials. The present paper is an extension of a short communication [2]. It gives a survey on existing standards and reports on new drafts and proposals. 相似文献
2.
The basic principle of comparing the sample
mass with the mass of a reference body in equilibrium gives the equal-armed
beam balance a unique accuracy. Main parameters characterising the suitability
of the instrument are measuring range, resolution and relative sensitivity
(resolution/maximum load). The historical development of the values of these
parameters achieved depended strongly on the practical need in those times.
Technically unfavourable scales of the oldest Egyptian dynasties (~3000
BC) could resolve mass differences of 1 g and had a relative sensitivity of
at least 10–3. More sophisticated instruments
from the 18th Dynasty (~1567–1320 BC) achieved
a relative sensitivity of 10–4 independent
of the size of the instrument. In 350 BC Aristotle clarified the theory of
the lever and at about 250 BC Archimedes used the balance for density determinations
of solids. The masterpiece of a hydrological balance was Al Chazini’s
'Balance of Wisdom’ built about 1120. Its relative sensitivity
was 2⋅10–5.
Real progress took
place when scientists like Lavoisier (1743–1794) founded modern chemistry.
At the end of the 19th century metrological balances
reached a relative sensitivity of 10–9 with
a maximum load of several kilogrammes. That seems to be the high end of sensitivity
of the classical mechanical beam balance with knife edges. Improvements took
place by electrodynamic compensation (Emich, Gast).
In 1909 Ehrenhaft
and Millikan could weigh particles of 10–15
g by means of electrostatic suspension. In 1957 Sauerbrey invented the oscillating
quartz crystal balance. By observing the frequency shift of oscillating carbon
nanotubes or of silica nanorods, masses or mass changes in the attogram or
zeptogram have been observed recently. 相似文献
3.
J. A. Poulis C. H. Massen E. Robens G. Reichenauer 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2004,76(2):583-592
On the basis of a molecular model for adsorption kinetics Jäntti introduced a method to calculate equilibriums shortly after a change of the pressure of the sorptive gas. In the present paper we show that this method is useful in many more situations than those intended originally. 相似文献
4.
E. Robens A. Dąbrowski V. V. Kutarov 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2004,76(2):647-657
Specific surface area and pore size distribution are determined usually from adsorption isotherms at low temperatures using
nitrogen or noble gases. These are not absolute parameters and the measuring methods are fraught with serious difficulties.
General problems of sorption measurements and recent developments are discussed. To obtain information for practical purposes
these measurements need to be supplemented by investigations of the sorbate/sorbent system used in practice. Results of the
measurement of nitrogen and water vapour adsorption on different materials are compared.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
E. Robens 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》1996,47(2):619-622
A survey is given on important standardized definitions by which the capability of balances may be characterized. Some modifications are proposed with regard to the use of mass sensors for the continuous determination of mass variations. An important supplement is the relative resolution introduced by Jenemann. Optimum values are presented.I am indepted to H. R. Jenemann for his critical remarks. 相似文献
6.
J. A. Poulis E. Robens C. H. Massen G. Reichenauer 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2004,76(2):579-582
Jäntti introduced a method to calculate the adsorption equilibrium by measuring the actual adsorbed amount three times after a change to the gas pressure. By this method the experimental time for adsorption measurement can be considerably shortened. The procedure was developed for use in adsorption measurements where the adsorbed masses are directly measured with a balance. In the present paper we will demonstrate that the method is particularly useful in volumetric (manometric) measurements. 相似文献
7.
A new approach
is presented to determine the dimensions of cylindrical nanopores from adsorption
measurements. 相似文献
8.
E. Robens D. Möhlmann Th. Gast R. Staudt M. Eger 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2006,86(1):27-29
The balance is the most widely used complex measuring instrument in
science and techniques. To install a balance on Mars is a challenge for numerous
aspects of in situ measurements in the next decade. By means of a balance
useful parameters could be determined and a variety of investigations could
be carried out there. Possible applications of a balance on Mars are reviewed.
Choice of type and demands on the balance with regard to the conditions on
Mars are discussed. The first step is to test a load cell with strain gauge
deflection sensor. 相似文献
9.
Sulphur factice is produced from a mixture of a vegetable oil and sulphur at temperatures between 130 and 160C. The slow exothermal vulcanization results in rubber-like elastomers. We have developed an isothermal calorimeter for measurements both in the liquid and the solid state and simulated the production process at the laboratory scale. The compensating calorimeter consists of a hot plate equipped with thin aluminium rods descending into a Dewar vessel. Besides optimization of the temperature control, remarkable savings of time were achieved by previous elaidinization of the oil using hydrosulphide.
The investigation was performed at Battelle-Institute e.V. Frankfurt am Main. The authors highly appreciated the valuable discussions with Dr. Lohmann (D. O. G.) and Dipl.- Ing. R. Nowack (Battelle). We are indebted to the D. O. G. Deutsche ölfabrik Ges. f. Chem. Erz. mbH & Co., Hamburg, for financial support. 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Schwefeffaktis wird aus einer Mischung von pflanzlichem öl und Schwefel bei Temperaturen zwischen 130 und 160C hergestellt. Ein langsamer, exothermer Vulkanisierungsprozess führt zu gummiÄhnlichen Elastomeren. Es wurde ein isothermes Kalorimeter entwickelt für Messungen sowohl im flüssigen als auch festen Zustand und damit der Herstellungsprozess im Laboratoriumsma\stab simuliert. Das Kompensations-Kalorimeter besteht aus einer heizbaren Platte, die mit dünnen, sich in ein DewargefÄ\ erstreckenden AluminiumstÄben versehen ist. Neben einer Optimierung der Temperaturkontrolle lie\en sich betrÄchtliche Zeiteinsparungen erzielen, indem das öl zuvor durch Behandlung mit Schwefelwasserstoff bei Temperaturen zwischen 120 und 300C elaidiniert wurde.
The investigation was performed at Battelle-Institute e.V. Frankfurt am Main. The authors highly appreciated the valuable discussions with Dr. Lohmann (D. O. G.) and Dipl.- Ing. R. Nowack (Battelle). We are indebted to the D. O. G. Deutsche ölfabrik Ges. f. Chem. Erz. mbH & Co., Hamburg, for financial support. 相似文献
10.
P. Staszczuk D. Sternik G. W. Chądzyński E. Robens M. Błachnio 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2006,86(1):133-136
Nitrogen
adsorption measured at 77 K was used to characterize the surface heterogeneity
of high-temperature superconductor surfaces. Properties relating to adsorption
and porosity of the solids (adsorption capacity, specific surface area, radii
and volume of the pores, pore-size distribution function) were determined
from nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms and atomic force microscopy
(AFM) for a series of oxide superconductors. It is shown that the adsorption
isotherms of all samples are S-shaped and belong to type II according to the
IUPAC classification. On the basis of the nitrogen adsorption isotherms and
AFM data, fractal dimensions were determined and correlations found with adsorption
and porosity parameters. 相似文献