Optimal free-defect synthesis of four-bar linkage with joint clearance using PSO algorithm

This paper presents the design of planar four-bar linkages free of order, branch and circuit defects, for the purpose of path generation, having clearances at one, two, three or all of its joints. Joint clearance is treated as a massless virtual link and its direction is known by the direction of the joint force. A Particle Swarm Optimization based algorithm is given here to solve this highly nonlinear optimization problem with some constraints, namely; the Grashof’s and free of the foregoing defects conditions. An example is included in which the optimal problem is solved for different cases; namely planar four-bar linkage having clearances at one, two, three, all of the joints and without clearance. For all the designs, the generated paths, the errors and the directions of the virtual links are plotted and are compared. Finally, we compare the optimal designs with reality.     

A highly diastereoselective five-component synthesis of 1-(alkylimino)-5,5-dicyano-3a-aryloctahydro-3-oxacyclobuta[cd]pentalene-1a,2,5a,5b(2H,3aH)-tetracarboxylates

A novel one-pot, five-component synthesis of 1-(alkylimino)-5,5-dicyano-3a-aryloctahydro-3-oxacyclobuta[cd]pentalene-1a,2,5a,5b(2H,3aH)-tetracarboxylates is described. A mixture of phenacyl bromide, malononitrile, isocyanide, and two equivalents of a dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylate undergoes a novel 1:1:1:2 addition reaction at ambient temperature in absolute ethanol to produce diastereoselectively the title compounds in good yields.     

Elastic breakup in uniaxial extension of entangled polymer melts

Five entangled melts, with the number of entanglements per chain ranging from 25 to 160, have been studied to illustrate how cohesive strength can be overcome in either continuous or interrupted extension (i.e., during or after uniaxial stretching). The internal elastic stress due to chain deformation from imposed strain appears to be the cause of the observed yielding behavior that reveals scaling laws. The visual signature of the elastic breakup is the occurrence of nonuniform extension. The yield phenomena may be understood at a force level.     

Drag Force Calculations in Polydisperse DEM Simulations with the Coarse-Grid Method: Influence of the Weighting Method and Improved Predictions Through Artificial Neural Networks

Transport in Porous Media - Several methods are employed for drag force calculations with the discrete element method depending on the desired accuracy and the number of particles involved. For...     

A high-order Monte Carlo algorithm for the direct simulation of Boltzmann equation

A high-order algorithm of the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, H-DSMC, has been developed to simulate rarefied flow regimes. The mth order Taylor series expansion has been employed to obtain a more generalized form of the time discretization for the collision part of Boltzmann equation. In the purposed algorithm, the higher order collision terms are introduced as well as higher order terms in the time step of the probabilistic coefficients. These newly implemented higher order terms improve the accuracy and efficiency of the solution and enhance the convergence rate quite significantly. Comparison between results of the classic DSMC method and the H-DSMC method shows the promising performance of the introduced technique.     

Numerical simulation of critical heat flux in forced boiling of a flow in an inclined tube with different angles

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - In this paper, the effect of changing tube slope on the critical heat flux for the evaporation of upward saturated flow of a liquid (water) in a...     

Surface modification, martensitic transformation, and optical properties of hydrogenated ZrO2 nanocondensates via pulsed laser ablation in water

Pulsed laser ablation on Zr plate in water under Q-switch mode and a fluence of 700 and 800 mJ/pulse for a rather high power density of 1.5 and 1.7 × 10¹¹ W/cm², respectively, was employed to fabricate hydrogenated ZrO₂ nanocondensates. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopic observations indicated such nanocondensates are full of {111} and {100} facets and predominantly in monoclinic (m-) rather than cubic- and/or tetragonal (t-) crystal symmetry in particular when fabricated at 700 mJ/pulse. The hydrogenated ZrO₂ nanocondensates underwent martensitic t ?? m transformation at a rather small critical size (ca. 20 nm) due to H⁺ signature and hence oxygen vacancy deficiency in the lattice. The resultant m-phase was free of twin and fault due to site saturation and rather limited growth of the nanosized particles. Spectroscopic characterizations indicated that the nanocondensates have a significant internal compressive stress, (H⁺, Zr²⁺, Zr³⁺) co-signature and hence a smaller band gap of 5.2?C5.3 eV for potential applications in UV region.     

Laser ablation condensation, coalescence, and phase change of dense gamma-Al(2)O(3) particles

Dense gamma-Al(2)O(3)condensates, with residual stress up to 3 GPa and ranging from nanometer to an unexpected micrometer size, were formed by pulsed laser ablation on Al target under oxygen background gas for a very rapid heating and cooling effect. Analytical electron microscopic observations indicated such nanoparticles tended to coalesce over {111} facets to form multiple twin and tilt boundary. The micrometer-size particles changed, upon electron irradiation, into metastable orthorhombic delta form full of twin variants and faults parallel to {100}.