Structural and electrical properties of evaporated Fe thin films

Series of Fe thin films have been prepared by thermal evaporation onto glass and Si(1 0 0) substrates. The Rutherford backscattering (RBS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the four point probe techniques have been used to investigate the structural and electrical properties of these Fe thin films as a function of the substrate, the Fe thickness t in the 76-431 nm range and the deposition rate. The Fe/Si samples have a 〈1 1 0〉 for all thicknesses, whereas the Fe/glass grows with a strong 〈1 0 0〉 texture; as t increases (>100 nm), the preferred orientation changes to 〈1 1 0〉. The compressive stress in Fe/Si remains constant over the whole thickness range and is greater than the one in Fe/glass which is relieved when t > 100 nm. The grain size D values are between 9.2 and 30 nm. The Fe/glass films are more electrically resistive than the Fe/Si(1 0 0) ones. Diffusion at the grain boundary seems to be the predominant factor in the electrical resistivity ρ values with the reflection coefficient R greater in Fe/glass than in Fe/Si. For the same thickness (100 nm), the decrease of the deposition rate from 4.3 to 0.3 Å/s did not affect the texture and the reflection coefficient R but led to an increase in D and a decrease in the strain and in ρ for both Fe/glass and Fe/Si systems. On the other hand, keeping the same deposition rate (0.3 Å/s) and increasing the thickness t from 76 to 100 nm induced different changes in the two systems.     

Combinatorial functional and differential equations applied to differential posets

We give combinatorial proofs of the primary results developed by Stanley for deriving enumerative properties of differential posets. In order to do this we extend the theory of combinatorial differential equations developed by Leroux and Viennot.     

Enhancement of convective heat transfer in smooth air channels with wall-mounted obstacles in the flow path

The topic is of paramount importance. Heating, cooling, or solar air ducts are used in several sectors and in very diverse fields. The improvement in their performance has been and is still of major concern to theorists and practitioners. The issue of exchanging heat between fluid and the heated surfaces within a smooth air channel relies mainly on the value of the heat transfer coefficient. This coefficient is a mine of factors that affect the heat exchange between working fluid and heated walls. Therefore, it is an ambitious attempt to work on such a topic. Obstacles, such as staggered or in-line, transverse, or longitudinal baffles, fins, or ribs have long been utilized in several thermal systems like shell-and-tube heat exchangers with segmental baffles, compact heat exchangers, flat-plate solar air collectors, microelectronics, and various other industrial applications, because of their high thermal loads and reduced structural parameters. The channels, through which the cooling or heating fluid is supplied, are generally mounted with several obstacles in order to increase the cooling or heating level. This configuration is mostly used in designing heat exchangers and solar air collectors. Through this contribution, we present a comprehensive literature review of the various heat transfer strategies used to improve the performance of smooth air channels (SACs). Various research works were made on (SACs) either numerical or experimental in order to improve their performance. Different models and configurations of obstacles are reviewed and discussed, including attached, semiattached, or detached; parallel, orthogonal or inclined; solid, perforated, or porous; and simple, corrugated, or shaped, of various sizes, positions, attack angles, perforations, porosities, arrangements, and orientations. In these studies, the obstacles are principally used to change the direction of the flow field, to modify the distribution of the local heat transfer coefficient, and also to increase the turbulence levels, thus resulting in larger heat transfer between the fluid and the heated walls.

     

Experimental study of an earth-to-air heat exchanger coupled to the solar chimney for heating and cooling applications in arid regions

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - Arid regions around the world are characterized by hard summer and winter seasons, which leads to thermal discomfort. The southwest of Algeria is...     

Improvement of the performance of solar channels by using vortex generators and hydrogen fluid

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - An attempt is made to enhance the thermal hydrodynamic performance of a solar channel by using vortex generators including attached fins and detached...     

Läuchli’s Completeness Theorem from a Topos-Theoretic Perspective

We prove a variant of Läuchli’s completeness theorem for intuitionistic predicate calculus. The formulation of the result relies on the observation (due to Lawvere) that Läuchli’s theorem is related to the logic of the canonical indexing of the atomic topos of \(\mathbb{Z}{\text{ - sets}}\). We show that the process that transforms Kripke-counter-models into Läuchli-counter-models is (essentially) the inverse image of a geometric morphism. Completeness follows because this geometric morphism is an open surjection.     

About И-quantifiers

Gabbay and Pitts observed that the Fraenkel–Mostowski model of set-theory supports useful notions of name-abstraction and fresh-name. In order to understand their work in a more general setting we introduce the notions of -units and -relations in a regular category D. A -relation is given by a functor A # (_-):DD and we show that in the case that D is a topos then A # (_-) has a right adjoint [A](_-) that can be thought of as an object of abstractions. We also explore the existence of a right adjoint to [A](_-) and relate it to the name swapping operations considered as fundamental by Gabbay and Pitts. We present many examples of categories where this notions occur and we relate the results here with Pitts' Nominal Logic.