Die freien Massenkräfte des Sternmotors

Zusammenfassung Bei den bisherigen Untersuchungen über die Massenkräfte von Sternmotoren mit mittelbarer Nebenpleuelanlenkung, die sich auf die Kräfte erster und zweiter Ordnung beschränkten, ergaben sich für ausgeführte Motoren, besonders bei großen Zylinderzahlen, noch beträchtliche Kräfte zweiter Ordnung. Durch eine erweiterte Untersuchung, die auch die Glieder höherer Ordnung umfaßt, konnte für den praktisch wichtigen Fall der regelmäßigen Nebenpleuelanlenkung, wobei sämtliche Anlenkhalbmesser einander gleich und die Anlenkwinkel jeweils gleich den zugehörigen Zylinderwinkeln sind, allgemein gezeigt werden, daß nur Kräfte erster, zweiter und höherer gerader Ordnung auitreten, während samtliche Kräfte ungerader Ordnung verschwinden. Die noch explizit angegebenen Kräfte vierter Ordnung werden in der Regel sehr klein.     

Crystallization of Arthrobacter sp. strain 1C N-(1-D-carboxyethyl)-L-norvaline dehydrogenase and its complex with NAD+

The novel NAD+-linked opine dehydrogenase from a soil isolate Arthrobacter sp. strain 1C belongs to an enzyme superfamily whose members exhibit quite diverse substrate specificites. Crystals of this opine dehydrogenase, obtained in the presence or absence of co-factor and substrates, have been shown to diffract to beyond 1.8 ? resolution. X-ray precession photographs have established that the crystals belong to space group P21212, with cell parameters a = 104.9, b = 80.0, c = 45.5 ? and a single subunit in the asymmetric unit. The elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of this enzyme will provide a structural framework for this novel class of dehydrogenases to enable a comparison to be made with other enzyme families and also as the basis for mutagenesis experiments directed towards the production of natural and synthetic opine-type compounds containing two chiral centres.     

Peracid-mediated n-oxidation and rearrangement of dimethylphosphoramides: plausible model for oxidative bioactivation of the carcinogen hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA)

Dimethylphosphoramides react with $\text{m}$-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (MCPBA) in anhydrous acetone to yield the previously unknown $\text{P}$-dimdethylamino-oxyphosphonous derivatives $\text{via}$$\text{N}$-oxidation and rearrangement. Further MCPBA oxidation yields formaldehyde and nitrosomethane, isolated as its $\text{trans}$-dimer. These reactions provide a possible biomimetic model for the metabolic activation of hexamethylphosphoramide as a mutagen and carcinogen.     

Electron-stimulated production of molecular hydrogen at the interfaces of amorphous solid water films on Pt(111)

The electron-stimulated production of molecular hydrogen (D(2), HD, and H(2)) from amorphous solid water (ASW) deposited on Pt(111) is investigated. Experiments with isotopically layered films of H(2)O and D(2)O are used to profile the spatial distribution of the electron-stimulated reactions leading to hydrogen within the water films. The molecular hydrogen yield has two components that have distinct reaction kinetics due to reactions that occur at the ASW/Pt interface and the ASW/vacuum interface, but not in the bulk. However, the molecular hydrogen yield as a function of the ASW film thickness in both pure and isotopically layered films indicates that the energy for the reactions is absorbed in the bulk of the films and electronic excitations migrate to the interfaces where they drive the reactions.     

A beaker without walls: formation of deeply supercooled binary liquid solutions of alcohols from nanoscale amorphous solid films

Layered nanoscale amorphous solid films of methanol and ethanol undergo complete intermixing prior to the onset of measurable desorption at 120 K. This intermixing precedes and inhibits crystallization. Subsequent desorption of the film is described quantitatively by a kinetic model describing evaporation from a continuously mixed ideal binary liquid solution. This occurs at temperatures below the melting point of the binary mixture, indicating ideal behavior for the supercooled liquid solution. This approach provides a new method for preparing and examining deeply supercooled solutions.     

Preliminary investigations of ultrasound induced acoustic streaming using particle image velocimetry

Particle image velocimetry was used to investigate ultrasound-induced acoustic streaming in a system for the enhanced uptake of substances from the aquatic medium into fish. Four distinct regions of the induced streaming in the system were observed and measured. One of the regions was identified as an preferential site for substance uptake, where the highest velocities in proximity to the fish surface were measured. A positive linear relationship was found between the ultrasound intensity and the maximum streaming velocity, where a unitless geometric factor, specific to the system, was calculated for correcting the numerical relationship between the two parameters. The results are part of a comprehensive study aimed at improving mass transdermal administrations of substances (e.g. vaccines, hormones) into fish from the aquatic medium.