Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis investigation of the thermal properties and degradation of some radiation‐grafted films and membranes

The influence of irradiation and grafting on the crystallinity of three base polymers has been investigated with differential scanning calorimetry. Grafting has the largest effect on the base polymer crystallinity and results in a reduction of the crystallinity. The thermal degradation of the base polymers and grafted films has been investigated with thermogravimetric analysis. The extent of the fluorination of the base polymer, the irradiation method, and the graft level all influence the thermal degradation and its activation energy. It is proposed that the variation of the chain lengths of the grafted polystyrene chains is actually a primary underlying factor responsible for the influence of these various parameters on the degradation process. The first results of a comparative thermal analysis of some fuel‐cell membranes are also presented, and the promise and shortcomings of this method are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2612–2624, 2004     

Anderson transition in dilute systems with pure exponential interactions

Summary Assuming a completely disordered lattice it is shown that all the states are localized when the disorder parameterx=a ₀/0 reachesthe value 0.31, wherea is the mean atomic separation anda ₀ is the Bohr radius.     

Investigation of suitable digestion methods for the determination of total phosphorus in soils

Total phosphorus in five soils with different compositions which were obtained from different places were extracted by using Na(2)CO(3) fusion, HClO(4) digestion, HClO(4) + HNO(3) digestion, HF + HClO(4) digestion or NaOBr oxidation methods. In order to test the suitability of the HF + HClO(4) digestion the results obtained by this method were compared with the others above, especially the Na(2)CO(3) fusion which is accepted as a standard method. The phosphorus amount found with the HF + HClO(4) digestion method were almost the same as the phosphorus amount by the Na(2)CO(3) fusion method, while the superiority in extracting phosphorus when compared to other methods were obvious. The methods used in the study were evaluated according to the recovery of total phosphorus, ease of application and rapidity with which they were performed. Orthophosphate in the soil extracts was determined by the molybdenum blue colour method. The relationships between methods are examined statistically.     

Preparation of micro- and nanopatterns of polymer chains grafted onto flexible polymer substrates

In this work a simple novel method for preparing micro- and nanoscale patterns of polymer chains grafted onto flexible polymer substrates is described. A combination of the two techniques of radiation grafting and "grafting-from" has been made. This combination makes it possible to prepare grafted structures having micro- or nanoscale lateral dimensions that are determined by the electron beam or X-ray irradiation patterns used. The height of the grafted features can be controlled by the irradiation dose or such grafting reaction conditions as time, temperature, or monomer concentration. Our first results for nanopatterned samples demonstrate resolution comparable to those of other polymer-based lithography processes.     

Removal of methyl violet from aqueous solution by perlite

The use of perlite for the removal of methyl violet from aqueous solutions at different concentration, pH, and temperature has been investigated. Adsorption equilibrium is reached within 1 h. The capacity of perlite samples for the adsorption of methyl violet was found to increase with increasing pH and temperature and decrease with expansion and increasing acid-activation. The adsorption isotherms are described by means of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption isotherm was measured experimentally at different conditions and the experimental data were correlated reasonably well by the adsorption isotherm of Langmuir. The order of heat of adsorption corresponds to a physical reaction. It is concluded that the methyl violet is physically adsorbed onto the perlite. The removal efficiency (P) and dimensionless separation factor (R) have shown that perlite can be used for removal of methyl violet from aqueous solutions, but unexpanded perlite is more effective.     

Synthesis and determination of pKa values of some new 3,4-disubstituted-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-one derivatives in non-aqueous solvents

3-Alkyl(Aryl)-4-amino-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones (2) reacted with 2-furoyl chloride and thiophene-2-carbonyl chloride to afford the corresponding 3- alkyl(aryl)-4-(2-furoylamino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones (3) and 3-alkyl(aryl)- 4-(2-thienylcarbonylamino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones (4), respectively. The new compounds synthesized were characterized by using IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and UV spectral data together with elemental analysis. In addition, to investigate the effects of solvents and molecular structure upon acidity, compounds 3 and 4 were titrated potentiometrically with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in four non-aqueous solvents (isopropyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, N,N-dimethylformamide and acetonitrile). The half-neutralization potential values and the corresponding pKa values were determined for all cases.     

Conducting graft copolymers of poly(3‐methylthienyl methacrylate) with pyrrole and thiophene

A thiophene‐functionalized methacrylate monomer (3‐methylthienyl methacrylate) was synthesized via the esterification of 3‐thiophene methanol with methacryloyl chloride. The methacrylate monomer was polymerized by free‐radical polymerization in the presence of azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator. Graft copolymers of poly(3‐methylthienyl methacrylate) (PMTM2) and polypyrrole and of PMTM2 and polythiophene were synthesized by constant‐potential electrolyses. p‐Toluene sulfonic acid, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate were used as the supporting electrolytes. PMTM2‐coated platinum electrodes were used as anodes in the polymerization of pyrrole and thiophene. Moreover, the oxidative polymerization of poly(3‐methylthienyl methacrylate) (PMTM1) was studied with FeCl₃ as the oxidant. The self‐polymerization of PMTM1 was also investigated by galvanostatic electrolysis both in dichloromethane and in propylene carbonate. The structures of PMTM1 and PMTM2 were investigated by several spectroscopic and thermal methods. The grafting process was elucidated with conductivity measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy studies. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 4131–4140, 2002     

N,N‐Diethyl‐2,6,6‐trimethyl‐4‐(3‐nitrophenyl)‐5‐oxo‐1,4,5,6,7,8‐hexahydroquinoline‐3‐carboxamide

The title compound, C₂₃H₂₉N₃O₄, has potential calcium modulatory properties. The conformation of the 1,4‐di­hydro­pyridine ring is unusual in that it is planar, instead of the usual shallow boat. The 3‐nitro­phenyl substituent is in the synperiplanar orientation with respect to the di­hydro­pyridine ring plane. The oxo­cyclo­hexene ring has a distorted envelope conformation, with the out‐of‐plane atom being disordered on opposite sides of the ring plane. The mol­ecules are linked into chains by intermolecular hydrogen bonds.     

Electrokinetic properties of sepiolite suspensions in different electrolyte media

The present paper deals with the electrokinetic characterization of sepiolite. A series of systematic zeta potential measurements have been carried out to determine the isoelectric point (iep) and potential-determining ions (pdi), and the effect of mono-, di-, and trivalent electrolytes such as NaCl, KCl, LiCl, NaNO(3), NaCH(3)COO, MgCl(2), CaCl(2), BaCl(2), CoCl(2), CuCl(2), Pb(NO(3))(2), Na(2)CO(3), Na(2)SO(4), AlCl(3), FeCl(3), and Na(3)PO(4) on the zeta potential of sepiolite. Zeta potential has been calculated with the aid of Smoluchowski's equation. Sepiolite yields an isoelectric point at pH 6.6. The zeta potential for the sepiolite has ranged from +23.3 mV at pH approximately 2 to -22.4 mV at pH approximately 8 at 20 +/- 2 degrees C in water. The valency of the ions have proven to have a great influence on the electrokinetic behavior of the suspension. Monovalent cations were found to have a weak effect, while di- and trivalent cations made the zeta potential positive. Charge reversal was observed for divalent cations at 1 x 10(-2) M and for trivalent cations at 3 x 10(-4) M. As a result, it can be said that monovalent cations are indifferent ions when di- and trivalent cations are potential-determining ions.     

The Radical Formula for Noncommutative Rings

Ukrainian Mathematical Journal - We determine some classes of left modules satisfying the radical formula in a noncommutative ring. We also show that, under a certain condition, a finitely...