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Feedback interferometers are described with specific reference to potential applications in micro-machines. A theoretical analysis is developed to determine the linearity, stability, and noise performance of this type of interferometer. The theoretical analysis was tested using a prototype high-precision feedback interferometer which showed that, at a feedback loop gain which enabled the system to track 6 fringes, the linearity of the interferometer was better than λ/100 and single phase measurements could be made with an accuracy of λ/80. 相似文献
2.
We present a theoretical analysis of the noise performance of phase measuring feedback interferometers. We first analyse the operation of this kind of instrument and note that under certain circumstances bistability can occur. The bistable region should be avoided if possible when using feedback interferometry for high-accuracy measurement with low-input powers, as it can give rise to very high-noise levels. We then go on to investigate the effects of shot noise (on the interferometer output signal) and thermal noise (in the feedback loop), and relate these to the phase measurement accuracy of the interferometer. A ‘best-case’ calculation indicates that phase noise of about 0.005λ is possible at input powers in the nanowatt region. In practice, we expect that noise levels will be higher than predicted (particularly at high-input powers) due to the effects of vibration and air turbulence. 相似文献
3.
It is shown that a multiple beam wedge plate shear interferometry can be used to represent the lateral aberration curve of a lens more accurately. For larger shear, some new artifacts appear in the interferogram which have been explained by considering contributions of higher order terms in the Taylor’s series expansion of the path Lunction. 相似文献
4.
Yoichi Kumada Yuki Shiritani Kyoko Hamasaki Aya Nakagawa Eiju Sasaki Michimasa Kishimoto 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2010,398(3):1295-1303
In the present study, we demonstrated site-specific immobilization and solid-phase refolding of single-chain Fv antibodies
on hydrophilic polystyrene (phi-PS) plates that was mediated by novel polystyrene binding peptides (PS-tags: RIIIRRIRR), which
were originally isolated and optimized in previous studies. Three PS-tag-fused scFvs, namely scFv-PS, scFv-(PS), and scFv-PSII,
which were over-expressed in the insoluble fraction of Escherichia coli cells were denatured and site-specifically immobilized onto hydrophilic PS plates in the presence of 0.5~4 M urea and 0.1%
Tween 20. The antigen-binding activity of the scFvs was efficiently recovered by washing the surface of the plate with PBS
that contained 0.1% Tween 20 (PBST). The solid-phase refolding mediated by PS-tag was successfully applied to several scFvs
such as mouse anti-CRP antibodies and an anti-RNase antibody, although further investigation of the versatility of scFv-PSII
is needed. The maximal density of PS-tag-fused scFvs was increased more than 15-fold compared with a whole monoclonal antibody
(mAb) immobilized on Maxisorp™ and, consequently, the sensitivity of PS-tag-fused scFvs for CRP in a sandwich ELISA was increased
25-fold. Thus, the novel, solid-phase, refolding method mediated by a PS-tag will be very useful for preparation of solid
supports coated with recombinant antibody fragments, which can be used in immunoassays and immuno-separation. 相似文献
5.
Mordant pure yellow azodye in a matrix of gelatin is proposed as a medium for stable polarization recording. Relatively high values of birefringence are measured (over #x0394;n = 0.02). Polarization diffraction gratings are recorded with two circularly polarized waves and diffraction efficiency of 67#x0025; is achieved at 633 nm. Protected from the humidity, the recording is stable. Long-term radiation by a 633 nm probe beam is harmless as well. Unusual behaviour is observed when acting on the recorded grating alternatively with one of the recording beams. The left circularly polarized beam erases the grating sharply, while the right circularly polarized beam, before erasure, initially increases the diffraction efficiency.This paper was originally presented at the 2001 International Conference (2nd Joint OSJ-SPIE Conference) on Optical Engineering for Sensing and Nanotechnology, ICOSN 2001 which was held June 6-8, 2001 at the Pacifico-Yokohama Conference Center, Yokohama, Japan. 相似文献
6.
A system of roughness measurements using a CCD camera and a liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LCSLM) has been developed. The scattered light patterns from the surface, which is covered by liquids with several different refractive indices, are acquired by the CCD camera and stored in a frame grabber in a computer. The superposition of two arbitrary patterns is calculated by the computer and displayed on the LCSLM. It is then illuminated by coherent light to produce interference fringes of equal inclination at infinity. The surface roughness can be determined through the relationship between the fringe visibility and the difference of refractive indices. The performance of this system is estimated by experiments. 相似文献
7.
Wakayama Tatsuki Nakada Eiju Asada Yasuo Miyake Jun 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2000,84(1-9):431-440
Hydrogen production by photosynthetic bacteria provides an efficient energy conversion method under low light intensity. However,
under strong illumination, such as midday sunlight, the efficiency drops. This prevents the method from being applied industrially.
To overcome this problem, we examined a method to thin out the excessive illumination. Light was given intermittently to reduce
the total energy flux. The on/off ratio was set at 1/1 throughout the study, so that the time average of the light energy
flux became half the continuous illumination. By keeping the time-average light flux constant (0.6 kW·m−2), the effects of the cycle period were examined in the range of hours to seconds. The hydrogen production rate was greatly
affected by the cycle period, but cell growth and substrate consumption rates remained almost constant. The 30-min light/dark
cycle (30 min on and 30 min off) provided the highest rate of hydrogen production (22 L·m−2·24 h−1). At the shorter cycles, the rate decreased except that there was a suboptimum at about 40 s. Under excessive light intensity
(1.2 kW·m−2), the light-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency was greatly enhanced. The hydrogen production rate during the 30-min cycle
was twice as high as during a 12-h cycle under the same conditions. 相似文献
8.
Thomas H. Barnes Tomoaki Eiju Shigeru Kokaji Kiyofumi Matsuda Narihiro Yoshida 《Optical Review》1995,2(2):103-105
A novel, parallel aligned optically addressed liquid crystal spatial light modulator has been used to implement an optically writable image memory. The memory uses a two-beam interferometer with optical feedback which exhibits thresholding, hysteresis, and bistability. We discuss the characteristics of the system, and present the results of an experimental demonstration.Presented at the International Commission for Optics Topical Meeting, Kyoto, 1994. 相似文献
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