Effects of Amplitude of the Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation on Aqueous Suspensions and Solutions

The effects of radiofrequency (RF) (1–4) and magnetic fields (5–9) on the behavior of aqueous solutions and suspensions have been a popular subject in recent years. The mechanism of the magnetic “water memory” effect, though, is still largely unknown (5). In this work, we present evidence that the primary “receptor” of the electromagnetic radiation is a gas/liquid interface. Gas can be either already present in water or produced by the effects of electromagnetic fields. Perturbed gas/liquid interfaces require hours to equilibrate. Certain RF and magnetic signals also produce reactive oxygen and hydrogen species (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen, atomic hydrogen). The perturbed gas/liquid interface modifies the hydrogen bonding networks in water and also the hydration of ions and interfaces. Careful outgassing removes all of the effects of the electromagnetic fields, including the magnetic memory effect. The amplitude of the applied field influences the observed effects. Different amplitudes of RF radiation perturb the interfacial water in different ways and consequently affect the behavior of colloids and ions in specific manners. For instance, the bulk and template precipitation of calcium carbonate, zeta potentials of suspended colloids, rate of dissolution of colloidal silica, and attachment of colloidal silica to metal surfaces are modified in specific ways with the low amplitude or high amplitude RF treatments described in this paper. The solubility/diffusivity of gas species is also modified in a different manner, and it is probably at the core of the specificity of the RF amplitude effects.     

Coordination chemistry of bidentate diflourophospines IV. Complexes of 1,2-bis(diflourophosphino)ethane with Ni(O) and Mo(O).

The ligand, 1,2-bis(difluorophosphino)ethane, (PF₂C₂H₄PF₂), reacts with Ni(CO)₄ in the gas phase and in solution to produce carbon monoxide and a polymer, [Ni(PF₂C₂H₄PF₂)₂]_x. PF₂C₂H₄PF₂ displaces norbornadiene from (C₇H₈)Mo(CO)₄ to yield the relatively air-stable complex, Mo(CO)₄-(PF₂C₂H₄PF₂). Analysis of the infrared spectrum of the monomeric complex indicates that the ligand exhibits π-acceptor strength equal to PF₂C₆H₁₀PF₂.     

Optical spectroscopy of RuC: 18,000-24,000 cm(-1)

The optical spectrum of diatomic RuC has been recorded from 17 800 to 24 200 cm(-1). Three previously unidentified excited electronic states were analyzed and identified as having Omega' = 0, Omega' = 2, and Omega' = 3. The Omega' = 3 state was determined to be a 3Delta3 state that is suggested to arise from a mixture of the 10sigma(2)11sigma(2)5pi(3)2delta(3)12sigma(1)6pi(1) and 10sigma(2)11sigma(1)5pi(3)2delta(3)12sigma(2)6pi(1) electronic configurations. Three additional bands belonging to the previously observed [18.1] (1)Pi<--X (1)Sigma(+) system were analyzed to obtain B(e) (')=0.558 244(48) cm(-1), alpha(e) (')=0.004 655(27) cm(-1), omegae' = 887.201(37) cm(-1), and omega(e) 'xe' = 5.589(7) cm(-1) for the 102Ru 12C isotopomer (1sigma error limits). A Rydberg-Klein-Rees analysis was then performed using the determined spectroscopic constants of the [18.1] 1Pi state, and similar analyses were performed for the previously observed states. The resulting potential energy curves are provided for the 100Ru 12C, 101Ru 12C, 102Ru 12C, and 104Ru 12C isotopic species.     

Polymerization by oxidation coupling. I. A study of the oxidation of 2,6-diphenylphenol to poly(2,6-diphenyl-1,4-phenylene ether)

The synthesis of poly(2,6-diphenyl-1,4-phenylene ether), by the oxidative coupling of 2,6-diphenylphenol has been studied. Procedures were found which demonstrated that polymers of very high molecular weight \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \left( {\overline M _n > 200{\rm 000; }\left[ \eta \right]_{{\rm CHCl}_{\rm 3} }^{25^\circ {\rm C}} > 1.1{\rm }{{{\rm dl}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\rm dl}} g}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} g}} \right) $\end{document} could be made with a copper-amine catalyst system. A low nitrogen-to-copper ratio (1 N atom/Cu atom) was necessary to obtain the very high molecular weights under the conditions of these reactions. A variety of amines formed active catalysts; the effectiveness of mono- and bis- primary, secondary, and tertiary amines were compared. Effects of the type of copper halide, reaction temperature, desiccants, addition rates of 2,6-di-phenylphenol, and solvents were also examined. Samples of polymer were isolated at different times during the polymerization. Measurements of viscosity, osmotic pressure, light scattering, gel permeation, phenolic hydroxyl groups, and nitrogen content were made on various samples over a range of intrinsic viscosities of 0.05–0.59 dl/g. A very narrow molecular weight distribution was found for all samples. Hydroxyl endgroup analyses indicated that the concentration of phenolic endgroups per mole of polymer does not change during the polymerization. The presence of some side reactions is indicated by nitrogen analyses. The relationships between the intrinsic viscosity in chloroform at 25°C and M?_n and M?_w are: log [η] = ?3.97 + 0.72₇ log M?_n and log [n] = ?3.56 + 0.62₄ log M?_w.     

Reactions of poly(phenylene oxide)s with quinones. I. The quinone-coupling reaction between low-molecular-weight poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyl-4,4′-diphenoquinone

A bifunctional polymer is formed when low-molecular-weight poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (I) reacts with 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyl-4,4′-diphenoquinone (II). Infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and gel permeation chromotography (GPC) measurements indicate that the quinone is bound covalently to the polymer chain as a biphenyl moiety which can be located at a terminal position (III, a = 0) or an internal position (III, a > 0): Acetylation of III produces a diacetate ester characterized by field desorption mass spectrometry to confirm the bifunctional nature of III. The reaction of I with II proceeds at 25°C but is faster at elevated temperatures or with amine catalysis. Oxidation of III with oxygen and a copper/amine catalyst of the type used initially to prepare I regenerates II from the biphenyl moiety in III in high yield and converts the remaining oxyphenylene units to high-molecular-weight polymer.     

Progressive transition from resonant to diffuse reflection in anisotropic colloidal films

The synthesis and characterization of highly ordered three‐dimensional photonic crystals have been the subjects of intense study over the past two decades due to the unique ability of these structures to control light at the nanoscale. Building on that work in recent years, increasing interest is now focused on the unique optical properties of disordered and quasi‐ordered photonic structures. We present a study of the effects of shape anisotropy and disorder on the specular reflection properties of polymer‐based colloidal films comprised of rod‐shaped subunits of varying aspect ratio. We characterize the specular reflectance properties of these films as a function of their increasing levels of disorder, demonstrating progressive transition from resonant reflection to diffuse reflection. The onset of the diffuse reflection is governed by particle size. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys. 2014 , 52, 611–617