Urea- hydrogen peroxide (UHP) oxidation of thiols to the corresponding disulfides promoted by maleic anhydride as mediator

Urea-hydrogen peroxide (UHP) was used in the presence of maleic anhydride as mediator in a simple and convenient method for the oxidation in high yield of some thiols to the corresponding disulfides. Peroxymaleic acid formed in situ from the reaction of UHP with maleic anhydride has a key role in this oxidation. Performance of the reaction in various solvents showed that methanol was the solvent of choice at 0 oC. The products were isolated by simple filtration on silica gel.     

Optimization of the reflux ratio for methanol–water stage distillation column

In this paper, the enthalpy-concentration method was applied in order to model a steady-state continuous methanol–water mixture distillation column. This work includes three steps; first, to develop a code in MATLAB v.7.6 to apply to the mathematical model of the column. The second step is to simulate the column using HYSIS v.3.2. While the third is the calculation of the optimized reflux ratio to minimize the operating cost. For a distillation tower such as the methanol–water splitter in this study, there are relatively few degrees of freedom that can be manipulated in order to minimize operating costs; the reflux ratio can influence the steady-state operating point and therefore the daily costs. In this paper, we have discussed the trade-offs between reflux ratios and operating costs. A correlation is derived to define the optimum value of the reflux ratio as an exponential function of a certain economic parameter of energy prices and depreciation costs. We demonstrate that, at low energy prices or high equipment depreciation costs, the optimum reflux factor is high.     

Estimation of concrete compressive strength by a fuzzy logic model

Concrete mix design is a process of proportioning the ingredients in right proportions. The aim of this study is to design a fuzzy logic model for determination of the compressive strength of a concrete. The datasets which have been loaded into a fuzzy logic model contain 1,030 concrete mixtures. Input fields of the fuzzy expert system are weight percent of cement, water, blast furnace slag, fly ash, super plasticizer, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and age of the concrete. Output field is concrete compressive strength. Finally, 897 rules used for this fuzzy logic modeling.     

Heterogeneous Thiocyanation of Benzylic Alcohols and Silyl and THP Ethers,and Deprotection of Silyl and THP-Ethers by [PCl3-n(SiO2)n] (Silphos)

Silicaphosphite (silphos), [PCl_3-n(SiO₂)_n], as a heterogeneous phosphorous compound, catalyzes the thiocyanation of benzylic alcohols and silyl and THP ethers in the presence of I₂ and NH₄SCN in refluxing CH₃CN. The produced silphos oxide byproduct can be easily separated by a simple filtration. Silphos is also used for the efficient and selective deprotection of silyl and THP-ethers to their corresponding alcohols.     

Molybdatophosphoric Acid/NaNO2/Wet SiO2 as an Efficient System for the Aromatization of 1,2‐Dihydroquinolines under Mild and Heterogeneous Conditions

A combination of molybdatophosphoric acid and NaNO₂ in the presence of wet SiO₂ was used as an effective oxidizing agent for the oxidation of 1,2‐dihydroquinolines to their corresponding quinoline derivatives in dichlomethane at room temperature with excellent yields.     

Synthesis of Novel and Thermally Stable Water Insoluble Coumarin‐based Azo Dyes via a Mild and Green Procedure

A series of novel azo coumarin dyes were synthesized by the diazotization of 7‐amino coumarins in the presence of catalytic amounts of tungstate sulfuric acid (TSA) followed by coupling with phenol derivatives. Tungstate sulfuric acid catalyzes this reaction at room temperature and short reaction time with high yields.     

Yttrium(III) Nitrate: A Powerful Catalyst for Green and Rapid Synthesis of Some Supramolecules

A convenient and rapid procedure for the synthesis of calix[4]resorcinarenes as useful supramolecules has been developed via a reaction of aryl aldehydes with resorcinol in the presence of yttrium(III) nitrate under solvent‐free conditions. This eco‐friendly method has many appealing attributes such as excellent yields, short reactions times, and simple work‐up procedures.     

Tungstate sulfuric acid (TSA)/KMnO4 as a novel heterogeneous system for rapid deoximation

Neat chlorosulfonic acid reacts with anhydrous sodium tungstate to give tungstate sulfuric acid (TSA), a new dibasic inorganic solid acid in which two sulfuric acid molecules connect to a tungstate moiety via a covalent bond. A variety of oximes were oxidized to their parent carbonyl compounds under mild conditions with excellent yields in short times by a heterogeneous wet TSA/KMnO4 in dichloromethane system.     

Photodegradation kinetics of some thiols and thiones in aqueous suspension of zinc oxide

Photodegradation of several thiols and thiones including 2-pyrimidinethiol, thiazolidine-2-thione, imidazolidine-2-thione, 1,2,4- triazole 3-thiol and 2,5-dimercapto- 1,3,4-thiadiazole have been studied in aerated aqueous solution using zinc oxide under irradiation with 400W high pressure mercury lamp. Rate constants span the range from 2.44 x 10(-2) min x (-1) to 1.76 x 10(-1) min x (-1). The slower degradation rate of 2-imidazoline 2-thione could be related to oxidation potential of the corresponding ring. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) rate constant k(r) and adsorption constant, (KA) for all five thiols and thiones are reported.