Effects of monomer concentration on the structure and properties of polybenzidine micro rods

Polybenzidine was synthesized by interfacial polymerization under various monomer concentrations. Effects of monomer concentration on morphology, structure, and properties of polybenzidine were studied by techniques of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Ultraviolet Visible Absorption Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, and Cyclic Voltammetry. The results showed that the synthesized polybenzidine with monomer concentration less than 0.15 mol/L were micro rod-like and the surface of the micro rods was smooth and uniform, However, the micro rod-like polybenzidine cannot be obtained under high monomer concentration because of the explosive polymerization. The results of structural analysis indicated that the monomer concentration should not be very high to obtain the polybenzidine with the optimal degree of conjugation and order arrangement of molecular chain. The polybenzidine synthesized in different monomer concentrations showed different electrochemical activities and the sample with the best electrochemical activity was obtained at monomer concentration of 0.02 mol/L.     

以聚乙二醇-b-聚四乙烯基吡啶为模板制备聚联苯胺微/纳米颗粒及其电容特性

以两亲性嵌段共聚物聚乙二醇-b-聚四乙烯基吡啶(PEO-b-P4VP)为模板制备聚联苯胺微/纳米颗粒,调节模板剂胶束溶液pH,得到了一系列形貌和尺寸可控的聚联苯胺微/纳米颗粒。利用红外光谱、核磁共振、透射电镜、循环伏安、恒电流放电、交流阻抗等测试对材料的结构和性能进行了表征。模板法合成的聚联苯胺为平均直径小于200nm的亚微米至纳米级棒状颗粒,其直径随着模板剂胶束溶液pH的降低而增加。所得聚联苯胺颗粒均显示了一定的电化学活性,当电流密度为1A/g时,聚联苯胺的比电容量达到306.3F/g,经过长时间的充放电测试,不同条件下合成的聚联苯胺的容量衰减率均很小,表现出良好的循环稳定性且各样品电化学性能呈现出随着直径的减小而增强的趋势。     

Interfacial synthesis and characterization of camphor sulfonic acid doped poly(aniline-co-2,5-dimethoxyaniline)

Polyaniline doped with camphor sulfonic acid, poly(2,5-dimethoxyaniline) and their copolymers were synthesized by interfacial method. The FT-IR spectra, UV-Vis absorption spectra and X-ray diffraction patterns were used to characterize the molecular structures of the polymers. The morphology of the polymers was studied by using SEM and TEM. Voltammetric study was done to investigate the electrochemical behavior of these polymers. The results show that the polymers were in microscale with the different shapes such as rod, flake and sphere, respectively. All the homopolymers and copolymers had a poor crystallinity. The conductivity of the copolymers of aniline with 2,5-dimethoxyaniline decreased with increase of 2,5-dimethoxy-aniline molar content.     

Sampled‐data reliable stabilization of T‐S fuzzy systems and its application

In this article, based on sampled‐data approach, a new robust state feedback reliable controller design for a class of Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy systems is presented. Different from the existing fault models for reliable controller, a novel generalized actuator fault model is proposed. In particular, the implemented fault model consists of both linear and nonlinear components. Consequently, by employing input‐delay approach, the sampled‐data system is equivalently transformed into a continuous‐time system with a variable time delay. The main objective is to design a suitable reliable sampled‐data state feedback controller guaranteeing the asymptotic stability of the resulting closed‐loop fuzzy system. For this purpose, using Lyapunov stability theory together with Wirtinger‐based double integral inequality, some new delay‐dependent stabilization conditions in terms of linear matrix inequalities are established to determine the underlying system's stability and to achieve the desired control performance. Finally, to show the advantages and effectiveness of the developed control method, numerical simulations are carried out on two practical models. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 518–529, 2016     

Diffusion of guest molecules in MCM-41 agglomerates

The pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance method has been used to study self-diffusion of cyclohexane in a commercial MCM-41 material at different external gas pressures from zero to saturated vapor pressure. It is found that the effective diffusivities exhibit three different regions with increasing pressure: decrease at low pressures, a sudden drop at intermediate pressures, and increase at higher pressures. In addition, in the region of irreversible adsorption (hysteresis loop) the diffusivities are also found to differ on the adsorption and the desorption branches. A simple analytical model taking account of different molecular ensembles with different transport properties due to the complex architecture of the porous structure is developed which provides a quantitative prediction of the experimental data. The analysis reveals that the effective diffusivity is predominantly controlled by the adsorption properties of the individual mesoporous MCM-41 crystallites which, in combination with high transport rates, provide a simple instrument for fine tuning of the transport properties by a subtle variation of the external conditions.     

Supercritical fluids in mesopores—new insight using NMR

Supercritical fluids are an essential constitute of modern chemical industry. However, their optimal use in processes involving porous solids is rather limited due to our poor knowledge about their transport properties under confinements. By using the non-invasive pulsed field gradient NMR method, we directly assessed molecular diffusivities of n-pentane in mesopores at sub- and supercritical temperatures. The obtained results ultimately point out that criticality in pores occurs at lower temperatures than in the bulk liquid surrounding the porous solid. The data on molecular diffusivities and pore density may be self-consistently quantified using simple gas-kinetic arguments.     

Approximation of solutions to impulsive functional differential equations

In this paper we shall study a semilinear impulsive functional differential equation in a separable Hilbert space. We shall use the analytic semigroups theory of linear operators and fixed point technique to establish the existence, uniqueness, and the convergence of approximate solutions to the given problem. We will also prove the existence and convergence of finite-dimensional approximate solutions to the given problem. An example is also illustrated.     

聚苯乙烯-b-聚丙烯酸模板剂成核段长度对聚苯胺尺寸及性能的影响

以两亲性嵌段共聚物为模板是构筑导电聚合物纳米结构并对其形貌尺寸进行调控的有效方法之一。 嵌段共聚物成核段长度的变化对其胶束化行为有显著影响,进而也会改变受限于其胶束形貌的导电聚合物的形貌尺寸。 形貌尺寸的变化必然导致导电聚合物电化学性能变化。 本文欲通过嵌段共聚物模板诱导实现对聚苯胺(PANI)形貌尺寸的调控并使其电化学性能得到优化,采用可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合(RAFT)法成功合成了嵌段共聚物聚苯乙烯-b-聚丙烯酸PS_x-b-PAA₇₀(x=38、64、101)并以其胶束为“模板”制备了窄相对分子质量分布的PANI。 在成核段(PS)长度较短时,模板诱导形成的棒状PANI颗粒,直径为100~200 nm。当 x=101时PANI呈现空间网状结构,其放电比容量高于其它样品,在电流密度为1 A/g时,其放电比容量可达386.71 F/g。     

新型联苯胺基窄带隙共轭聚合物的光学及电化学性能研究

随着化石燃料的日益枯竭,人类社会对能源的需求在不断增长。为了平衡能量应用需求并提升能量使用效率,开发高效能量转换材料与电化学储能材料成为当前研究的重要课题。导电聚合物基电极材料面临着相应储能器件能量密度、功率密度、循环性能不高的挑战,需进行结构改性提高电导率、改善界面性质。鉴于共轭高分子的电子结构、光学及电化学性质由共轭链骨架结构决定,对导电共轭聚合物进行结构修饰以提升其电荷传输性能和载流子迁移率,进而设计合成新型高迁移率导电聚合物基共轭聚合物是提高相应器件特性的关键所在。已有研究大多借助复杂的结构设计来实现提升迁移率,设计合成了结构简单,有助提升电荷迁移的新型窄带隙聚联苯胺基共轭聚合物聚物。通过光谱学及电化学方法对材料结构与性能进行了表征分析。采用核磁共振氢谱、红外光谱,X射线粉末衍射对单体及聚合物进行了结构表征,通过紫外光谱、紫外可见漫反射、循环伏安、计时电位、交流阻抗对其进行了光学及电化学性能测试。结果表明,成功制得具有预期结构的共轭聚合物,所得聚合物结晶性较佳,光学带隙E_g^opt为1.85eV,HOMO及LUMO能级分别为-5.44和...     

导电高分子-金属氧化物复合材料用作锂离子电池正极材料的研究现状

随着人类社会对能源需求量的增大,高效储能材料的开发备受关注。导电高分子-金属氧化物复合材料具备了作为储能器件正极材料的诸多特质,故成为了相关研究领域的热点方向之一。本文以聚苯胺(PAni)和聚吡咯(PPy)为例,综述了近年来导电高分子-金属氧化物复合材料用作锂离子电池正极材料方面的研究进展。概述了此类材料中各组分如何通过有机/无机协同作用实现材料电化学性能的提升,介绍了此类材料的制备方法,结构特点及常用表征手段,以及材料的电化学性能特征。