原位ATR-FTIR法研究异丁烯正离子聚合反应

应用原位ATR-FTIR法可在线检测异丁烯可控，活性碳正离子聚合反应过程，文章综述了原位ATR-FTIR法的特点，并进一步介绍其在异丁烯碳正离子聚合机理和动力学研究中的应用。     

H_2O/TiCl_4/ED体系引发异丁烯控制正离子聚合中的影响因素研究

在亲核试剂(ED)如吡啶(Py)、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMA)或三乙胺(TEA)存在下,由引发剂H2O和共引发剂TiCl4组成引发体系,在二氯甲烷/正己烷混合溶剂中进行异丁烯(IB)正离子聚合,考察了溶剂极性、聚合温度及异丁烯浓度对聚合反应转化率、产物分子量和分子量分布的影响.试验结果表明,随聚合体系溶剂极性增大,聚合速率加快,相近转化率时聚合产物的分子量分布变窄.随着聚合温度降低,聚合速率明显提高,聚合物的分子量增加,活化能为负值,活性链端发生链转移或链终止等副反应的几率减小,当聚合温度为-60℃时,可以抑制活性链端的β-H脱除反应和链转移副反应,并得到大分子链末端全部为叔氯基团的聚异丁烯(PIB).当[IB]0≤2.5mol/L时,随[IB]0增加,聚合转化率有所增加,聚合产物的GPC谱图均为单峰分布,分子量增大,而分子量分布基本保持不变,对于加入Py的聚合体系,分子量分布指数在1.33~1.45范围内,对于加入TEA的聚合体系,分子量分布指数在1.47~1.60范围内,并求出在加入Py和TEA的聚合体系中活性链向单体的链转移常数CM分别为5.5×10-4和6.6×10-4.     

Synthesis of high molecular weight polyisobutylene via cationic polymerization at elevated temperatures

A novel simple but effective initiating system of H2O/AlCl3 /veratrole (VE) has been developed to synthesize high molecular weight polyisobutylene (PIB) at elevated temperatures via cationic polymerization of isobutylene (IB) in solvent mixture of hexane/methylene dichloride (n-Hex/CH2Cl2 = 2/1, V/V). VE played very important roles in decreasing cationicity of the growing chain ends, suppressing side reactions of chain transfer and termination during polymerization, leading to production of high molecular weight PIBs. PIBs with high yields, having very high weight-average molecular weight (Mw ) of 1117000 and 370000 g/mol could be synthesized with H2O/AlCl3 /VE initiating system at VE concentration of 5.4 mmol/L at 80 and 60℃ respectively. Molecular weight of PIB increased remarkably with increasing VE concentration. The reaction order with respect to VE concentration was determined to be 3.52 via FTIR spectroscopy in combination with a diamond tipped attenuated total reflectance (ATR) immersion probe. The negative reaction order of VE was consistent with its retarding effect on IB polymerization by interacting with the propagating species. Molecular weight of PIB decreased with increasing polymerization temperature. The activation energy for polymerization degree (EDP ) could be determined to be around 23 kJ/mol when VE concentration was 5.4 mmol/L or 6.4 mmol/L.     

聚谷氨酸苄酯-g-(聚四氢呋喃-b-聚异丁烯)共聚物的微观结构与形态

通过可控/活性离子聚合方法设计合成一系列不同共聚组成的聚谷氨酸苄酯-g-(聚四氢呋喃-b-聚异丁烯)的新型嵌段接枝共聚物,即PBLG-g-(PTHF-b-PIB),研究共聚物中支链(PTHF-b-PIB)长度及接枝密度对主链PBLG玻璃化转变温度、α-螺旋二级结构及其转变的影响,研究支链中PTHF链段长度对其双端受限的玻璃化转变及凝聚态结构的影响.结果表明:PBLG-g-(PTHF-b-PIB)共聚物中刚性主链保持α-螺旋二级结构;随着支链长度增加或接枝密度增加,主链PBLG的α-螺旋二级结构特征峰逐渐减弱,玻璃化转变温度逐渐提高,α-螺旋结构发生转变的焓值逐渐增大;在确定接枝密度的情况下,随着支链中PTHF链段长度增加,共聚物中双端受限的PTHF链段结晶逐渐增强,结晶熔融温度及熔融焓均增加;在确定支链中PTHF链段长度的情况下,随着接枝密度增大,支链间链段相互排斥,PTHF链段结晶逐渐减弱.     

二茂钛/锡/环氧化合物引发苯乙烯活性自由基聚合的研究

采用单茂钛CpTiCl3和二茂钛金属化合物(n-BuCp)2TiCl2,引发剂4-甲氧苯基缩水甘油基醚(I1),1,4-丁二醇二缩水甘油基醚(I2),4,4′-亚甲基二(N,N-二缩水甘油基苯胺)(I4)和苯基缩水甘油基醚甲醛共聚物(I5)及还原剂Sn组成引发体系,引发苯乙烯活性自由基聚合,合成线型和多臂聚合物.探讨了不同茂钛金属化合物、引发剂和还原剂对苯乙烯聚合的影响;并采用13C-NMR和GPC对聚苯乙烯的结构和性能进行了表征.结果表明所得聚合物是无规聚苯乙烯,聚合物分子量高,分子量分布窄.聚合行为属于活性自由基聚合.     

烯烃可控聚合及其大分子工程

聚烯烃材料如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚异丁烯、乙丙橡胶或丁基橡胶等,在国民经济和日常生活中发挥着重要作用.通过可控聚合反应可以实现制备高性能烯烃聚合物材料及不同微观结构、序列结构及拓扑结构的烯烃基高分子材料.本文综述了近年来通过乙烯/丙烯配位共聚制备乙丙共聚物及通过异丁烯正离子聚合制备聚异丁烯和丁基橡胶领域的研究进展,总结了在齐格勒-纳塔催化剂、茂金属催化剂及非茂单活性中心钒催化剂催化乙烯/丙烯共聚方面的进展,论述了异丁烯单体可控/活性正离子聚合新引发体系、可控/活性聚合反应调控、聚合新方法与新工艺,归纳了基于烯烃可控聚合的大分子工程.     

含氮试剂对p-DCC/AlCl_3引发异丁烯正离子聚合的影响

以对-二枯基氯(DCC)/AlCl3体系引发异丁烯在二氯甲烷(CH2Cl2)正己烷(Hex)(40/60,V/V)混合溶剂中进行正离子聚合,探讨了DCC用量、含氮试剂2,6-二叔丁基吡啶(DtBP)和三苯胺(TPA)对异丁烯正离子聚合转化率、产物分子量及其分布的影响.结果表明,DCC和体系中微量水均可与AlCl3产生竞争络合,形成两种活性中心并引起相继的竞争引发,聚合产物的GPC谱图呈双峰分布,分子量分布宽;增加DCC用量有利于DCC与AlCl3的络合,致使链增长反应主要通过DCC与AlCl3络合形成的活性中心引发,但聚合产物分子量相对较低,分子量分布较宽;使用DtBP,可有效地抑制微量水引发及活性链向单体的转移反应,使分子量分布明显变窄,基本实现DCC的控制引发;采用DtBP与TPA共同调节聚合反应,可使聚合产物分子量分布变窄的同时,进一步提高分子量,从而得到相对较高分子量(Mw=103200)和单峰分子量分布(Mw/Mn=2.09)的聚异丁烯产物.     

乙烯基单体正离子聚合中链增长速率常数的研究进展

碳正离子聚合中,聚合速率常数的测定方法通常包括电导法、绝热量热法、胺抑制法、止流光谱法及扩散计时法。在烷基乙烯基醚、苯乙烯及其衍生物和异丁烯等几种常见乙烯基单体的正离子聚合中,本文介绍不同测定方法得到的不同结构碳正离子(包括自由离子和离子对)的链增长速率常数(kp 和kp±)。     

Synthesis of graft copolymers with polyisobutylene branch chains

<正>The copolymerization of 4-vinylbenzyl chloride(VBC) and vinyl acetate(VAC) was carried out in toluene at 75℃via radical polymerization using 2,2'-azo-bis-(isobutyronitrile)(AIBN) as an initiator.The random copolymers of poly(4-vinylbenzyl chloride-co-vinyl acetate)(P(VBC-co-VAC)) with number average molecular weight(M_n) from 2000 to 6900,relatively narrow molecular weight distribution(MWD,M_w/M_n ca.2.0) and with different copolymer composition of 4-vinylbenzyl chloride(VBC) from 17 mol%to 62 mol%could be obtained.The P(VBC-co-VAC) copolymers with an average number of 7 to 13 initiating sites of benzyl chloride per macromolecule could be used for the cationic polymerization of isobutylene(IB).The cationic polymerizations of IB were further conducted by using P(VBC-co-VAC) copolymers as macroinitiators in conjunction with TiCl_4 at -40℃in CH_2Cl_2.The effects of VBC/TiCl_4(molar ratio) on monomer conversion,M_n and MWD of the resultant copolymers were investigated under 3 sets of conditions.It is found that P(VBC-co-VAC)-g-PIB copolymers with relatively narrow MWD(M_w/M_n ca.2.0) and with terminal tert-chlorine functional groups in branched PIB chains could be successfully synthesized when VBC/TiCl_4(molar ratio) was set in the range from 0.10 to 1.12.The unimodal GPC curve of the P(VBC-co-VAC)-g-PIB copolymers by RI detector was almost in harmony with the GPC curve by UV detector.The TEM image of the P(VBC-co-VAC)-g-PIB copolymer stained by RuO indicated that the copolymer formed a two-phase morphology with P(VBC-co-VAC)-rich domains of 20-100 nm in size tethered by PIB branch segments.