Nonlinear elastic constitutive relations of residually stressed composites with stiff curved fibres

Applied Mathematics and Mechanics - Mechanical models of residually stressed fibre-reinforced solids, which do not resist bending, have been developed in the literature. However, in some residually...     

紫色球杆菌视紫红质光谱特性的机器学习研究

近年来，机器学习等人工智能技术被应用于蛋白质工程，其在蛋白质结构、功能预测、催化活性等研究中具有独特优势。在未知蛋白质结构的情况下，将蛋白质序列和功能特性与机器学习相结合，基于序列-活性关系（innovative sequence-activity relationship，ISAR）算法，将蛋白质氨基酸序列数字化，用快速傅里叶变换（fast four transform，FFT）进行预处理，再进行偏最小二乘回归建模，可在数据集较少情况下拟合得到最佳模型。通过机器学习对紫色球杆菌视紫红质（gloeobacter violaceus rhodopsin，GR）的突变体蛋白质氨基酸序列与光谱最大吸收波长进行建模，获得了最佳模型。用最佳索引LEVM760106建模得到的确定系数R² 为0.944，均方误差E为11.64。用小波变换进行的预处理，其R² 虽也约为0.944，但E大于11.64，不及FFT进行的预处理。方法较好地解决了蛋白质序列与功能特性之间的数学建模问题，在蛋白质工程中可为预测更优的突变体提供支持。     

More efficient time integration for Fourier pseudospectral DNS of incompressible turbulence

Time integration of Fourier pseudospectral DNS is usually performed using the classical fourth-order accurate Runge-Kutta method or other second- or third-order methods, with a fixed step size. We investigate the use of higher-order Runge-Kutta pairs and automatic step size control based on local error estimation. We find that the fifth-order accurate Runge-Kutta pair of Bogacki and Shampine gives much greater accuracy at a significantly reduced computational cost. Specifically, we demonstrate speedups of 2× to 10× for the same accuracy. Numerical tests (including the Taylor-Green vortex, Rayleigh-Taylor instability, and homogeneous isotropic turbulence) confirm the reliability and efficiency of the method. We also show that adaptive time stepping provides a significant computational advantage for some problems (like the development of a Rayleigh-Taylor instability) without compromising accuracy.     

Spectral estimates for saddle point matrices arising in weak constraint four‐dimensional variational data assimilation

We consider the large sparse symmetric linear systems of equations that arise in the solution of weak constraint four‐dimensional variational data assimilation, a method of high interest for numerical weather prediction. These systems can be written as saddle point systems with a 3 × 3 block structure but block eliminations can be performed to reduce them to saddle point systems with a 2 × 2 block structure, or further to symmetric positive definite systems. In this article, we analyse how sensitive the spectra of these matrices are to the number of observations of the underlying dynamical system. We also obtain bounds on the eigenvalues of the matrices. Numerical experiments are used to confirm the theoretical analysis and bounds.     

A molecular fluorophore in citric acid/ethylenediamine carbon dots identified and quantified by multinuclear solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance

The composition of fluorescent polymer nanoparticles, commonly referred to as carbon dots, synthesized by microwave-assisted reaction of citric acid and ethylenediamine was investigated by ¹³C, ¹³C{¹H}, ¹H─¹³C, ¹³C{¹⁴N}, and ¹⁵N solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. ¹³C NMR with spectral editing provided no evidence for significant condensed aromatic or diamondoid carbon phases. ¹⁵N NMR showed that the nanoparticle matrix has been polymerized by amide and some imide formation. Five small, resolved ¹³C NMR peaks, including an unusual ═CH signal at 84 ppm (¹H chemical shift of 5.8 ppm) and ═CN₂ at 155 ppm, and two distinctive ¹⁵N NMR resonances near 80 and 160 ppm proved the presence of 5-oxo-1,2,3,5-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-7-carboxylic acid (IPCA) or its derivatives. This molecular fluorophore with conjugated double bonds, formed by a double cyclization reaction of citric acid and ethylenediamine as first shown by Y. Song, B. Yang, and coworkers in 2015, accounts for the fluorescence of the carbon dots. Cross-peaks in a ¹H─¹³C HETCOR spectrum with brief ¹H spin diffusion proved that IPCA is finely dispersed in the polyamide matrix. From quantitative ¹³C and ¹⁵N NMR spectra, a high concentration (18 ± 2 wt%) of IPCA in the carbon dots was determined. A pronounced gradient in ¹³C chemical-shift perturbations and peak widths, with the broadest lines near the COO group of IPCA, indicated at least partial transformation of the carboxylic acid of IPCA by amide or ester formation.     

中红外光谱结合向量夹角直接定量三氯蔗糖

多组分复杂体系的红外光谱由于成分多样、谱带严重重叠、背景干扰等导致谱图特征减弱，且体系中的红外光谱往往不是各组分光谱的简单叠加，需要借助于化学计量学技术以实现解析。基于朗伯-比尔定律（Lambert-Beer law）并且随着衰减全反射（ATR）技术取样普及，结合偏最小二乘回归法（PLS）、人工神经网络（artificial neural network, ANN）等化学计量法将数据进行累积、特征提取以及校正建模等工作解决红外光谱中严重重叠和非线性等问题，再采用二次测量定量分析已初步具有应用成效，而有效增强信息量表达，降低背景、噪声干扰，减少复杂的计算过程，进而保证定量分析结果的可靠性，则成为研究的主要方向。通过讨论光通道和背景对光谱强度变化的影响，结合向量角度转换提出一种新的近似线性定量方法。经初步理论计算，发现多组分混合物与该混合物中待测组分的相对含量二者间的向量夹角值存在一定的关系，而该关系并不受批次制样的影响，进一步通过高斯曲线模拟混合信号，充分说明选择合适的波长范围，二者在一定范围内存在线性相关性，相关性不受测量条件变化的影响。采用KBr压片法，向待测样品中逐步加入待测组分得到混合样本，分别得到待测组分光谱与混合样本光谱信号，先将其进行一阶求导，消除加性误差后，再将其转化为空间向量角度，消除批次制样中光程差异，再以百分比定义待测物样品的含量，所得到混合样的夹角值与其中所含参照品含量成简单线性关系，即以计算结果夹角值与含量作标准曲线，实现定量分析。本测量方法用于三氯蔗糖（Sucralose, TGS）与三氯蔗糖-6-乙酸酯（4,1,6-trichloro sucrose-6-acetate, TGS-6-A）二者进行一定比例混合（双组分体系），以及TGS-6-A的脱酰产物（多组分体系）中的TGS的含量定量分析，在两种体系中定量均得到令人满意的结果，所建立标准曲线的相关系数r均达到0.995 0以上，相对误差均低于8.0%，所建立的分析方法对利用中红外透射光谱分析研究多组分样品具有重要的参考价值。     

智能手机的主要叶类蔬菜品质和新鲜度指标的光谱检测

蔬菜品质和新鲜度的高低不仅影响食用时的口感，而且营养程度也不一样。作为蔬菜品质和新鲜度重要参考指标之一的叶绿素和含水量的检测，已经越来越受到国内外学者的重视。相比于传统的肉眼目视判断的检验方法，可见-近红外光谱分析具有快速高效、无损、非接触等独特的优势，更加适合蔬菜的实时检测。目前相关研究主要集中在生长中植被叶绿素和含水量的反演，对市场上成品蔬菜的研究较少，或者研究对象单一，缺乏市场普适性。此外，光谱数据的获取需要专业的光谱仪采集，费时费力，各种生理生化指标的研究离实用化还有很长的距离。为了与实际相结合，基于智能手机光谱系统（SCSS)建立了快速、准确、普适性强的反演蔬菜叶绿素和含水量的模型，并通过地面光谱仪SVC数据验证了该系统的可靠性。选取市场典型的五种蔬菜（菠菜、小油菜、油麦菜、生菜和娃娃菜）作为实验样本，分别进行常温保存和冷藏保存来模拟现实中菜市场和超市的蔬菜储存环境。每隔24 h进行一次数据采集。对获取的原始光谱数据进行波段选择和小波变换去噪的预处理。构建蔬菜叶绿素反演指数(VCRI_{（m, n）})和蔬菜含水量反演指数(VWRI_{(i, j)})，分别提取该两个指数与叶绿素和含水量实测值的相关系数R作为权重系数，最终建立了叶绿素和含水量的加权平均反演模型。实验结果表明，SVC仪器和SCSS两者数据针对蔬菜叶绿素和含水量的敏感波段基本一致，叶绿素反演的敏感波段在730~980 nm之间，反演精度R2分别为0.863和0.808 1，标准差为8.679 5和8.892 5；含水量反演的敏感波段在水汽吸收波段950~1 000 nm之间，反演精度R2分别为0.742 9和0.712 9，标准差为8.789 9%和8.861 4%。SVC实验数据跟SCSS实验数据结果十分接近，验证了新型智能手机光谱系统实时监测蔬菜叶绿素和含水量的有效性。智能手机光谱系统具有体积小、价格便宜的优势，结合网络云端服务和实时数据反馈的特点，能够实现蔬菜品质和新鲜度指标的智能检测，让光谱分析真正应用于人们日常生活中。     

基于波长调制-直接吸收光谱方法的CO分子1567 nm处谱线参数高精度标定

直接吸收光谱(DAS)可直接测量分子吸收率函数,并通过拟合吸收率函数确定待测气体参数.波长调制-直接吸收光谱(WM-DAS)在DAS基础上,结合了波长调制光谱(WMS)中谐波分析思想,利用傅里叶变换复现吸收率函数,可有效提高吸收率函数的测量精度.本文利用WM-DAS方法结合长光程气体吸收池,在室温低压条件下,对CO分子1567 nm处R5-R11近红外弱吸收谱线吸收率函数进行了精确复现,其拟合残差标准差低至3×10^-5,随后根据测得的吸收率函数对谱线的碰撞展宽、Dicke收敛以及速度依赖的碰撞展宽系数等光谱参数进行了高精度标定,并将其与高灵敏度的连续波腔衰荡光谱(CW-CRDS)测量结果进行了比较,实验结果表明该方法与CW-CRDS测量结果具有高度一致性,更具有系统简单、测量速度快、对环境要求低等优点.     

无序激光晶体及其超快激光研究进展

激光是受激辐射的光放大,所辐射的波长取决于增益介质中关键电子的能级结构,特别是其最外层电子的状态决定了可能实现的激光特性。激光发展60年来,激光晶体作为激光的重要激活材料,推动了激光技术的进步和普及,是一个研究历史长而又异常活跃的研究领域。当前,超短超强脉冲激光在加工、医疗、国防等关系国计民生的领域有重要需求,适合超短超强激光的激光晶体成为了本领域的研究热点,其关键是揭示最外层电子的影响因素及设计和生长具有宽波段发射性能的激光晶体。本论文从探讨影响激活离子光谱性能的关键因素出发,综述了以本课题组十余年研究的10余种无序激光晶体为主要部分的研究结果和进展,涉及晶体生长、晶体物理、激光器件设计及应用等工作,包含了高级、中级和低级对称性晶体及其获得的最短脉冲激光结果,希望能为本领域的后续研究提供一定的参考和借鉴。     

Role of anti-inflammatory interventions in high-fat-diet-induced obesity

Lipotoxicity is defined as deposition of excess fat associated with an inflammatory response. Metabolomic analysis of fatty acids (FAs) can be a marker of silent inflammation. ω3-Enriched diet, celecoxib, and safranal may have a protective anti-inflammatory role. In this work, total FAs extracted from red blood cells and arachidonic acid-to-eicosapentaenoic acid (AA-to-EPA) ratios were assessed using GC–MS assay in single-ion monitoring mode. The study was conducted on 64 male rats divided into eight groups: I, controls; II, rats received high-fat diet (HFD), III, rats received ω-6-enriched HFD; IV, rats received ω-3-enriched HFD; V, rats received celecoxib with HFD; VI, rats received safranal with HFD; VII and VIII, rats received celecoxib and safranal with ω-3 HFD, respectively. GC–MS Gas chromatography Mass spectrometry was performed for analysis of fatty acid methyl ester. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to analyze serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) concentrations. A statistically significant decrease of AA-to-EPA ratio was observed in group VII when compared with the groups receiving HFDs. This group also showed the lowest serum IL-6 level and highest TGF-β1 level. In conclusion, ω3-enriched diet along with drugs (e.g. celecoxib) and herbal medications (e.g. safranal) may have an anti-inflammatory effect in lipotoxicity. GC–MS with single-ion monitoring is valid for the analysis of FAs.