Finding Degradation Trigger Sites of Structural Materials for Airplanes Using X‐Ray Microscopy

Macroscopic properties of carbon fiber‐reinforced plastic (CFRP) and environmental barrier coating (EBC), widely used for airplanes, can be deteriorated by local cracks or degradation (“trigger sites”). We have tried to find these trigger sites using x‐ray microscopy (XM), which can provide the 2D or 3D images of the chemical states and microstructures. Crack initiation in CFRP was observed in a non‐destructive manner in multi‐scales (nm‐mm). 3D chemical‐state mapping of Yb in EBC was achieved with high resolution (<50 nm). In addition to XM, in‐situ observations at high temperatures were conducted for obtaining complementary information. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and x‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were performed simultaneously up to 1773 K. Dynamic XAS with short time‐resolution (<10 ns) was conducted to investigate changes in the local structure of metal. These approaches can help us identify degradation trigger sites in the materials.     

西北地区普通高中化学听评课现状及有效实施对策研究

以甘肃省兰州市15所普通高中的179名化学教师为研究对象，从听评课的目的、态度、内容、方式、制度、组织实施、文化等7个维度深入分析当前高中化学听评课现状。研究发现，兰州市普通高中化学听评课现状具体表现为：教师在观念层面没有真正意识到听评课对于课堂教学研究的意义与价值，操作层面不会通过听评课开展课堂教学研究；学校在制度层面缺乏对教师通过听评课开展课堂教学研究的保障引领，组织实施层面忽视教师个人的主观能动性和个体差异性，另外个人主义和表面合作的文化不利于教师通过听评课开展课堂教学研究；不同类型的教师在听评课的7个维度方面表现出不同程度的差异性。基于此，学校层面应该重建专业的听评课制度，培育专业的教研文化，组建专业的研究共同体；教师层面应该转变传统的听评课观念，培养课堂教学研究的意识，提升课堂教学研究的能力。     

一种双星敏感器联合确定船体姿态方法

单星敏感器横滚测量精度偏低会影响航向测量精度,采用双星敏感器联合的方法可以有效提高船姿精度,其中关键是蒙气差修正和联合姿态确定方法。目前蒙气差修正一般采用基于恒星观测矢量的修正方法,联合姿态确定方式一般采用基于双视轴指向联合的方法。以上在蒙气差中需要引入初始船体姿态,而且修正迭代解算过程复杂,再者单星敏感器需要识别4颗以上恒星才能获得视轴指向,如果其中一个无法获得视轴指向,双星敏感器无法解算船体姿态。针对上述情况,提出了一种新的双星敏感器联合确定船体姿态的方法,包括基于恒星参考矢量的蒙气差修正方法和基于恒星观测矢量的联合姿态确定方法。基于该方法蒙气差修正不再需要初始船姿,而且在理论上只需双星敏感器各自至少有1颗可识别恒星,即可完成船体姿态角的解算。试验结果表明该方法降低了双星敏感器获取船体姿态角所需的可识别恒星数量限制,提高了双星敏感器获取船体姿态的能力。     

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A Markov observation model with dividend is defined and the interpretation of the practical significance is given. We try to use an irreducible and homogeneous discrete-time Markov chain to modulate the inter-observation times and embed a dividend strategy. In the Markov observation model with dividend, a system of liner equations for the expected discounted value of dividends until ruin time is derived. Moreover, an explicit expression is obtained and proved. Finally, some interesting properties are illustrated by numerical analysis and by comparing with the complete compound binomial model with dividend.     

Dynamic Visualization of Free Radicals at Single Oxygen Bubbles using Chemiluminescence

The generation of free radicals is a key process in the formation and the collapse of the bubbles in water, however, the direct and dynamic observation of the radicals in this process at single bubbles has never been achieved. Here, the hydroxyl (OH^.) and oxygen (O₂^.−) radicals at single oxygen bubbles are continuously traced using chemiluminescence (CL), in which these radicals at the bubble react with the surrounding luminol in the solution emitting the light. Varied increase trends of luminescence are observed in the generation of a bubble, floating, short parking at the water/air interface and the final explosion, revealing the complexity in the distribution of radicals at the bubble unprecedentedly. Despite more radicals are observed at the bubble generated at a deep position under the water for the stabilization, almost the same amount of radicals are included in the bubbles that is independent on the water pressure during the production of the bubble. This rich information collected from the dynamic study of bubbles illustrates the complicated generation and distribution process of radicals at the bubbles, and will facilitate the understanding of the function about the bubbles.     

Phase structure change and ER effect in liquid crystalline polymer/dimethylsiloxane blends

The mechanism of the electrorheological (ER) effect in two types of liquid crystalline polymer (LCP)/dimethylsiloxane (DMS) blends was investigated by rheological measurements and by structure observation under electric field and shear flow. The results show that the phase structures of these immiscible blends can be categorized into slipping (low viscosity) and non-slipping (high viscosity) states. In the non-slipping state, higher viscosity LCP domains connect the electrodes. In the slipping state, on the other hand, LCP domains do not connect the electrodes and the shear is mainly confined in the lower viscosity DMS domains. The ER effect (electrically induced viscosity increase) originates from the electrically induced slipping to non-slipping transition. In one of the blends, the ER effect occurs only at high shear rate, since this blend is in non-slipping state even under no field if the shear rate is low. Received: 29 April 1997 Accepted: 3 November 1997     

Monte Carlo Simulations of Observation Time-Dependent Self-Diffusion in Porous Media Models

Observation time-dependent self-diffusion coefficients can be used to obtain microstructural information of porous media. This paper presents two different kinds of Monte Carlo simulations of the self diffusion process of fluids like water in porous systems, a lattice-free method and a lattice-based method. The results for simple porous media model geometries agree well with each other and with published analytical as well as semi-analytical equations. The use of these equations, which are important for the interpretation of Pulsed Field Gradient-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (PFG-NMR) time-dependent diffusion data with respect to properties of porous media, is discussed.     

铜黄公路某滑坡安全监测及预测研究

铜黄公路全长93.9km,其中遇到的各种滑坡30余处。为了研究这些滑坡的治理效果,对其变形与稳定进行了检测。以川口滑坡检测为例,运用灰色理论建立铜黄滑坡安全监控的GM(2,1)模型,其中非等时距位移序列采用拉格朗日插值函数转变为等时距序列。采用非等时距GM(2,1)和GM(1,1)模型对铜黄公路川口滑坡观测点进行安全预测。非等时距GM(2,1)模型预测滑坡变形精度总体较GM(1,1)模型高。由预测结果可见,治理后该滑坡是稳定的,预测结果和实际吻合良好。     

GPS测量技术在锡山市地面沉降研究中的应用

通常研究认为, 苏锡常地区超量开采地下水是产生地面沉降最主要的因素之一。锡山市地下水开采十分强烈, 其地面沉降灾害也最为严重。为了有效地分析研究地面沉降的发生发展过程, 必须获取一定时间间隔内的地面沉降实测值, 全球定位系统 (GPS)就是一种既经济又高效的测量手段。本文在简要介绍了锡山市地质、水文地质及地下水开发利用情况的基础上, 重点阐述了运用GPS测量技术对锡山市地面沉降进行首次实测的情况, 并对其测量结果进行了系统分析, 最后对锡山市地面沉降的发展历史和现状进行了初步讨论。     

基于Gibbs矢量估计卫星轨道姿态的滤波算法研究

针对“矢量观测 陀螺”这种典型的三轴稳定卫星姿态确定系统模式,引入具有四元数优越性的Gibbs矢量作为姿态参数,提出了一种新的具有良好实时性能的轨道姿态估计方案。在方案设计中,为描述卫星轨道姿态的Gibbs矢量,推导出了基于四元数的运动学方程,并将QUEST法作为处理多矢量观测信息的压缩技术引入估计器,使得滤波修正算法得以简化。另外,针对单矢量观测情况,给出了能够加快状态估值收敛速度的改进协方差修正算法。仿真结果验证,新方案的姿态估计精度与传统的欧拉角估计法相当,而运算效率却明显高于欧拉角估计法。