Electromagnetism in steadily rotating matter

Several writers have proposed quasistatic theories of moving magnetized bodies, neglecting the induced electric fields. Obviously, this excludes the possibility of analyzing radiation, which I can tolerate. However, time independent fields have been observed in some steadily rotating magnetized bodies, in particular. I will review experimental evidence for such cases, paying attention to the observed induced electric fields. It turns out that these tend to be very small in dielectrics, but not in conductors. For the latter, I will suggest a rather simple way of modifying theories to account for them. Also, for more general theories of electromagnetism, I will compare two old schemes, a non-relativistic one due to Maxwell and Lorentz and a relativistic scheme proposed by Minkowski. Among workers interested in continuum theory, the former seems to be more popular, but experimental evidence favors the latter over the former and one modern theory.     

用来激励高频超声换能器的电激励源

讨论了超声换能器的几种激励方法，分析了三种常用激励方法在激励高频超声换能器时的特点及其同局限性，我们雪崩ＭＡＲＸ电路制作的单极窄脉冲能地激励率高达１００ＭＨｚ的换能器并取得了较好的结果。     

Dielectric-breakdown-like forming process in the unipolar resistance switching of Ta2O5−x thin films

We report unipolar resistance switching (URS) in Ta₂O_5−x thin films. The current increased suddenly when we applied voltages up to 5-7 V to the pristine state of Pt/Ta₂O_5−x/Pt, Ni/Ta₂O_5−x/Pt, and Ti/Ta₂O_5−x/Pt cells. Just after this forming process, we observed a repetitive URS occurring independently of the electrodes. We found that the required voltages for the forming process did not depend on the top electrode type, but on the film thickness. These results suggest that the forming process is driven by a dielectric-breakdown-like phenomenon, and that URS occurs due to the formation and rupture of conducting channels inside the Ta₂O_5−x thin film.     

Inversion of electrical mobility measurements using bipolar or unipolar chargers for the arbitrary distribution of channels

The inversion of the particle size distribution from electrical mobility measurements is analyzed. Three different methods are adapted for a dot-matrix approach to the problem, especially for non-square or singular matrices, and applied to electrical mobility measurements from fixed or scanning voltages. Multiply charged particles, diffusion losses, arbitrary voltage steps and noise were considered, which results in non-adjoining and overlapping transfer functions. The individual contribution of the transfer functions in each size interval was geometrically estimated, which requires only its characteristic mobilities. The methodology is applied to mobility measurements from particles charged with unipolar and bipolar chargers. However, the method can be extrapolated to any charging method with a defined charge distribution, and retrieval of the singly charged particle distribution and mean charge from a tandem differential mobility analysis configuration was successfully demonstrated.     

Innovative investigation on ion flows by an ad hoc Lagrangian formulation

A specialised Lagrangian formulation is here recommended to describe the main performances of unipolar ion flows driven by partial discharges. The subject fits into a number of electrostatic applications also governed by fluid-dynamic laws, which is why it needs careful examination by a solid and comprehensive approach. A reasoned selection of referential case studies are proposed in order to better appreciate the value of this predictive framework. The interdisciplinary character of the general problem under examination makes the role of the Lagrangian approach pivotal for the physical interpretation of theoretical results. These are given by resolving the Euler-Lagrange differential equation associated to individual examples.     

Controllable Synthesis of NiCo LDH Nanosheets for Fabrication of High‐Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes

A unipolar pulse electrodeposition method was employed to controllably synthesize nanosheet type NiCo LDH. The effect of concentration rate of Ni(NO₃)₂/Co(NO₃)₂ preparation solution on crystalline structure, morphology and supercapacitive performance was investigated systematically. Experimental found that the morphology and composition of NiCo LDH was highly depend on the Ni²⁺/Co²⁺ molar ratios of preparation solution; and the obtained Ni_0.76Co_0.24 LDH materials showed small nanosheet size and uniform distribution on carbon fiber electrode. Ni_0.76Co_0.24 LDH electrode was evaluated for supercapacitor application, which revealed a high specific capacitances of 2189.8 and 1908.8 F g⁻¹ at the current density of 1 and 30 A g⁻¹ respectively and a good cycle stability, retaining 70.3 % of the initial capacitance after 20000 charge and discharge cycles at 50 A g⁻¹. Moreover, the Ni_0.76Co_0.24 LDH electrode exhibits a high energy density of 76 Wh Kg⁻¹ at a power density of 250 W Kg⁻¹ and a high power density of 7500 W Kg⁻¹ at energy density of 66 Wh Kg⁻¹. The as‐prepared Ni_0.76Co_0.24 LDH as positive electrode for asymmetric supercapacitor exhibits excellent energy density of 4.1 Wh Kg^‐1 at a power density of 4000 W Kg^‐1     

高温高密度等离子体和金属合金表面相互作用研究

本文介绍一台自行改装调试成功的9kJ高温高密度等离子体焦点装置(20kV,48μF)并利用它研究了金属铌、钼,Ni-Cr合金以及不锈钢等材料表面与等离子体的相互作用。借助于电子显微镜,俄歇电子能谱仪,X光衍射技术观测方法,获得了上述材料被焦点辐照瞬间的离子注入,单极电弧,溅射现象,Frenkel缺陷等重要物理过程的信息。对材料辐照损伤的机理作了初步讨论。     

Two-dimensional vector solitons in a cold atomic gas via electromagnetically induced transparency

We investigate the formation and propagation of vector vortex solitons (VSs) and unipolar solitons (USs) in a cold coherent atomic gas with a Bessel lattice (BL). The system considered is a gas with a tripod level configuration. Owing to the big enhancement of Kerr nonlinearity contributed by the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), a weak vector vortex soliton can be effectively formed with ultraslow propagation velocity. We also demonstrate that the characteristics of two-dimensional VSs and USs can be controlled and manipulated by adjusting the parameters of BL. Results obtained may be useful for designing all-optical switches at low light levels.