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1.
针对线性相控阵列在固体介质中的声场聚焦特性及参数优化问题,该文给出了一个线性阵列的纵波瞬态聚焦声场模型。数值结果表明,当阵元被短时脉冲信号激励时,瞬态聚焦声场中不会形成栅瓣,突破了传统稳态理论模型中对阵元间距的限制;同时由于横纵波在聚焦区域内可完全分离,声束旁瓣的幅值也得到了抑制。其次,增大阵元间距能够显著提高聚焦性能,但会导致聚焦声场能量减弱,综合考虑后,最佳的阵元间距为一个波长左右。并且发现,阵元宽度对于聚焦性能几乎没有影响,但宽阵元能够提高聚焦能量。此外,受到纵波激发特性的影响,使得相控阵只能在低偏转角处获得理想的纵波聚焦性能。最后,采用不同阵元间距的相控阵探头对试块进行成像实验,观察到大阵元间距可以显著改善缺陷成像分辨率,从而验证了理论分析的结果。  相似文献   
2.
暴露于硫酸盐环境中的混凝土输水管易遭受硫酸盐化学侵蚀,导致其耐久性退化、提前失效;而环境中硫酸根离子传输进入混凝土是其化学侵蚀的前提.为获得混凝土内硫酸根离子的扩散进程,首先基于Fick定律及质量守恒定律,建立饱和混凝土管内硫酸根离子的扩散-反应模型.其次,将扩散-反应模型的边界条件齐次化,建立其有限元控制方程.然后,开展硫酸钠溶液中水泥砂浆圆柱试件的腐蚀试验,测定试件不同深度处的硫酸根离子浓度,与模型计算结果对比,以验证模型.最后,开展数值模拟研究,分析混凝土输水管外表面、内外表面暴露于浓度恒定或振荡的硫酸盐溶液情况下管内硫酸根离子浓度的时空分布.  相似文献   
3.
This paper investigated the effect of Gaussian distribution width, average particle diameter, particle loading, and the tapered angle on minimum fluidization velocity (Umf) by conducting extensive experiments in tapered fluidized beds. Three powders with Gaussian size distribution and different distribution widths were used in the experiments. An increase in Umf with increasing the average particle diameter, particle loading, and the tapered angle was observed. There was also a nonmonotonic behavior of Umf as the Gaussian distribution width increased. An empirical correlation including dimensionless groups for predicting Umf in tapered beds was developed in which the effect of distribution width was considered. The proposed correlation predictions were in good agreement with the experimental data, with a maximum deviation of 16.5% and average and standard deviations of, respectively, 6.4% and 7.4%. The proposed correlation was also compared with three earlier models, and their accuracy was discussed.  相似文献   
4.
张琳蕊  徐祯  张萍 《物理通报》2022,(1):47-49+53
关于显像管电视机的成像原理,高中物理教材仅关注运动的带电粒子在偏转线圈提供的磁场中的偏转.但在实际生活中,地磁场也会对电视机显像管中运动带电粒子的轨迹产生影响.本文立足于高中生的认知能力,从生活实例出发,分析地磁场对彩色显像管成像的影响,细化建模过程,给出真实参数,凸显科学研究方法在教学中的应用,使教学内容与现代科技和生活实际相联系,从而将培养学生的核心素养落实在日常教学之中.  相似文献   
5.
大豆水分含量的高光谱无损检测及可视化研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
采用近红外高光谱成像技术对大豆水分含量进行快速无损检测,实现大豆水分含量可视化。采集了96个不同品种大豆样本在900~2 500 nm的高光谱图像,采用直接干燥法测量每个大豆样品的水分含量。利用系统自带的HSI Analyzer软件提取图像感兴趣区域(ROI)的平均光谱信息,代表样品的光谱信息。利用SPXY算法划分样品校正集和预测集,并保留938~2 215 nm波段范围内的光谱数据。采用移动平滑(moving average)、S-G平滑、基线校正(baseline)、归一化(normalize)、标准正态变量变换(standard normal variate,SNV)、多元散射校正(multiple scattering correction,MSC)、去趋势(detrending)共7种光谱预处理方法,发现Normalize方法处理后的PLSR模型效果较好。为了去除光谱冗余信息,简化预测模型,采用连续投影算法(SPA)、竞争性自适应加权算法(CARS)、无信息消除变量法(UVE)提取特征波长,其中SPA,CARS和UVE三种算法优选出14,16和29个波长,分别占总波长的6.5%,7.4%和13.4%。分别对938~2 215 nm波段光谱和特征波长建立预测模型,并将效果较优的模型与Normalize方法结合。建立的14种预测模型效果相比较,发现SPA算法筛选的特征波长建模预测效果较好,并优选出Normalize-SPA-PCR模型,模型的RCP值较高,分别为0.974 6和0.977 8,RMSEP和RMSECV值较低,分别为0.238和0.313,模型的稳定性和预测性较好,可以对大豆水分含量进行准确预测。将Normalize-SPA-PCR模型作为大豆水分含量可视化预测模型,计算高光谱图像每个像素点的水分含量,得到灰度图像,对灰度图像进行伪彩色变换,得到大豆水分含量可视化彩色图像。对预测集的24个大豆品种进行可视化处理,发现不同水分含量大豆的可视化图像颜色不同,水分含量变化对应的颜色变化较为明显。结果表明,高光谱成像技术结合化学计量学可以准确快速无损预测大豆水分含量,实现大豆水分含量可视化,为大豆收获、贮藏加工过程中水分含量检测提供了技术支持。  相似文献   
6.
Cavitation erosion at the high hydrostatic pressure causes the equipment to operate abnormally for the huge economic losses. Few methods can quantitatively evaluate the cavitation erosion intensity. In order to solve this problem, the cavitation erosion on a copper plate was carried out in a spherical cavity focused transducer system at the hydrostatic pressure of 3, 6, and 10 MPa. Meanwhile, the corresponding cavitation threshold, the initial bubble radius, and the microjet velocity in the ultrasonic field are theoretically analyzed to determine the dimension and velocity of microjet based on the following hypotheses: (1) the influence of the coalescence on the bubble collapse is ignored; (2) the dimension of the microjet is equal to the largest bubble size without the influence of gravity and buoyancy. Using the Westervelt equation for the nonlinear wave propagation and the Johnson-Cook material constitutive model for the high strain rate, a microjet impact model of the multi-bubble cavitation was constructed. In addition, through the analogy with the indentation test, an inversion model was proposed to calculate the microjet velocity and the cavitation erosion intensity. The microjet geometric model was constructed from the dimension and velocity of the microjet. The continuous microjet impact was proposed according to the equivalent impact momentum and solved by the finite element method. The relative errors of the pit depth are 4.02%, 3.34%, and 1.84% at the hydrostatic pressure of 3, 6, and 10 MPa, respectively, and the relative error in the evolution of pit morphology is 7.33% at 10 MPa, which verified the reliability of the proposed models. Experimental and simulation results show that the higher the hydrostatic pressure, the greater the pit depth, pit diameter, the pit-to-microjet diameter ratio, and the cavitation erosion intensity, but the smaller the pit diameter-to-depth ratio. The cavitation erosion intensity becomes significant with the ongoing ultrasonic exposure. In addition, a comparison of the cavitation pit morphology in the microjet pulsed and continuous impact modes shows that the continuous impact mode is effective without the elastic deformation caused by the residual stress. Using the cavitation pit morphology at the different hydrostatic pressures, the microjet velocity can be estimated successfully and accurately in a certain range, whose corresponding errors at the lower and upper limit are 5.98% and 0.11% at 3 MPa, 6.62% and 9.14% at 6 MPa, 6.54% and 5.42% at 10 MPa, respectively. Our proposed models are valid only when the cavitation pit diameter-to-depth ratio is close to 1. Altogether, the cavitation erosion induced by multi-bubble collapses in the focal region of a focused transducer could be evaluated both experimentally and numerically. Using the cavitation pit morphology and the inversion model, the microjet velocity in a certain range could be estimated successfully with satisfactory accuracy.  相似文献   
7.
Diffusion processes can be followed directly by recording one-dimensional images of a selected slice at variable intervals after selective inversion of the magnetization. The resulting diffusion coefficients of H2O and DMSO are consistent with earlier studies at different temperatures, obtained by monitoring the attenuation of NMR signals as a function of the gradient amplitude in gradient echo sequences.  相似文献   
8.
土壤硝态氮反映土壤短期氮素供应水平,实时了解土壤硝态氮的含量为精准农业和农业面源污染防控提供支撑,因此,在线实时检测土壤硝态氮方法突破就显得十分迫切。土壤硝态氮中的硝酸根离子在土壤中的高水溶性和流动性为全固态硝酸根离子选择电极高敏感检测土壤中硝态氮提供了条件,固态硝态氮离子选择电极的离子选择膜反应硝酸根离子在被测溶液中的浓度。采用全固态硝酸根离子选择电极,且与温度电极和pH电极融合组成电极阵列对土壤饱和溶液中的硝态根离子进行检测。设计了高输入阻抗运算放大电路对电极信号进行采集,并通过微处理控制蠕动泵完成土壤硝态氮待测溶液连续流动测量及实时传输结果。实验结果表明,电极响应时间≤15 s,斜率-51.63 mV/decade,线性范围10-5-10-2.2 mol/L,最低检测限10-5.23 mol/L。相对标准差在0.78%-4.47%范围内,加标回收率均在90%-110%以内。与国家标准紫外可见分光光度法测试结果相比,相关系数(R2)为0.9952,为土壤硝态氮在现场检测奠定技术基础。  相似文献   
9.
Multivalent ion storage and aqueous electrochemical systems continue to build interest for energy application. The Zn-ion system with 2 electron transfer and an ideal metal anode is a strong candidate but is still at the early stage of development. Using both in situ near-edge (XANES) and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, EXAFS, a nanostructured cathode material, CaxV2O5-H2O (CVO), was probed at the V-K absorption edge. This operando study reveals the local electronic and geometric structure changes for CVO during galvanostatic cycling as the active material in an aqueous Zn-ion cell. The XANES data provides a fine resolution to track the evolution of the vanadium oxidative state and near-neighbor coordination sphere showing subtle shifts and delocalized charge. The Zn-ion influence on the V-K absorption edge is visualized using a difference technique called Δμ. Coupled with theoretical calculations and modelling, the extended region extracted local bonding information further confirms excellent electronic and structural reversibility of this vanadium oxide bronze in an aqueous Zn-ion electrochemical cell.  相似文献   
10.
In our consideration, a comparison between four different types of controllers for suppression the vibrations of the cantilever beam excited by an external force is carried out. Those four types are the linear velocity feedback control, the cubic velocity feedback control, the non-linear saturation controller (NSC) and the positive position feedback (PPF) controller. The suitable type is the PPF controller for suppression the vibrations of the cantilever beam. The approximate solution obtained up to the first approximation by using the multiple scale method. The PPF controller effectiveness is studied on the system. We used frequency-response equations to investigate the stability of a cantilever beam. We notified that, there is a good agreement between the analytical solution and the numerical solution.  相似文献   
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