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1.
种蛋气室的大小是监测种蛋孵化过程的重要指标之一。根据种蛋的热力学结构,种蛋在孵化过程中,包裹气室部分蛋壳会与其他部分蛋壳产生温差,从而可通过热红外图像进行观察。针对在种蛋孵化过程中,人工照蛋检测气室效率低的问题,探索设计了一种基于热图像的种蛋气室变化俯视监测算法。监测种蛋气室热图像的算法主要包括种蛋目标检测,种蛋图像分割和种蛋气室面积计算3个部分,其中种蛋的目标检测采用Faster-RCNN算法实现;种蛋图像分割采用BP神经网络算法实现;种蛋气室面积是在种蛋图像分割的基础上进行计算。使用孵化5天及以上的种蛋作为研究对象,并拍取种蛋的热图像进行试验。试验结果表明:种蛋热图像的目标检测的平均精度(mAP)为99.85%,拥有较好的检测效果。使用BP网络对种蛋进行图像分割。BP神经网络经过调参后,其网络最佳的结构为三层隐藏层,每个隐藏层拥有1 000个神经元,最优初始学习率为0.000 1,最优最大迭代次数为500。以F1-measure作为分割效果的评价指标,BP神经网络的图像分割总体结果为87.02%,Otsu算法的总体结果为65.25%。其中只有一个蛋的情况下,BP神经网络的分割结果为87.17%,Otsu算法的结果为68.86%。存在其他种蛋的干扰条件下,BP神经网络的分割结果为86.94%,Otsu算法的结果为61.64%,BP神经网络的分割效果优于Otsu分割算法,BP神经网络拥有更强的抗干扰能力。最后提取了孵化5~19 d种蛋的气室变化,通过观察种蛋气室大小曲线来监测种蛋的孵化情况,可看出随着天数的增加,气室有着明显变大的趋势。人工测量法与热红外测量法比较结果说明两者相关性为0.934 3,拥有较好的相关性。基于热图像的种蛋气室变化监测算法可在实际生产中实现种蛋的识别与气室大小的快速监测,为实现监测种蛋孵化的自动化提供了技术参考。  相似文献   
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Melting and crystallization of n-decane embedded into porous glass with the mean pore size of about 6.4 nm were studied using acoustic and DSC methods. Smearing of the phase transitions, decrease of melting and freezing temperatures, pronounced hysteresis between melting and crystallization were revealed by both methods. In DSC measurements for the pore filling factors 70% and higher double peaks were observed upon cooling while only single peaks were present upon heating. Also a high reduction of the corresponding phase transition heats was revealed. Melting and freezing intervals determined by acoustic and DSC methods strongly differed from each other. A model which qualitatively explains the observed anomalies is proposed. It supposes the formation of liquid layers on the surface of the pores.  相似文献   
4.
运用密度泛函理论对三种由不同氨基酸组成的低聚肽进行结构优化,并对其平均结合能和振动红外光谱进行分析,三种低聚肽分别为甘氨酸低聚肽、甘-丙氨酸低聚肽和甘-色氨酸低聚肽.本文主要研究,在肽链骨架相同而侧链基团不同的情况下,低聚肽的物理化学性质变化.结果表明,随着氨基酸残基数量的增加,三种低聚肽的结构稳定性都会增强,同时三种低聚肽也存在着尺寸效应,即官能团的振动都存在红移和奇偶振荡现象.侧链基团的引入会对低聚肽骨架的几何结构产生影响,在肽链生长过程中,侧链基团空间位阻大的分子优先自组装.本研究对应用红外光谱测定肽链基团和合成低聚肽等方面有一定指导意义.  相似文献   
5.
Droplet evaporation characterization, although of great significance, is still challenging. The recently developed phase rainbow refractometry (PRR) is proposed as an approach to measuring the droplet temperature, size as well as evaporation rate simultaneously, and is applied to a single flowing n-heptane droplet produced by a droplet-on-demand generator. The changes of droplet temperature and evaporation rate after a transient spark heating are reflected in the time-resolved PRR image. Results show that droplet evaporation rate increases with temperature, from ?1.28×10?8 m2/s at atmospheric 293 K to a range of (?1.5, ?8)×10?8 m2/s when heated to (294, 315) K, agreeing well with the Maxwell and Stefan–Fuchs model predictions. Uncertainty analysis suggests that the main source is the indeterminate gradient inside droplet, resulting in an underestimation of droplet temperature and evaporation rate. With the demonstration on simultaneous measurements of droplet refractive index as well as droplet transient and local evaporation rate in this work, PRR is a promising tool to investigate single droplet evaporation in real engine conditions.  相似文献   
6.
In this work, a continuum model is presented for size and orientation dependent thermal buckling and post-buckling of anisotropic nanoplates considering surface and bulk residual stresses. The model with von-Karman nonlinear strains and material cubic anisotropy of single crystals contains two parameters that reflect the orientation effects. Using Ritz method, closed form solutions are given for buckling temperature and post-buckling deflections. Regarding self-instability states of nanoplates and their recovering at higher temperatures, an experiment is discussed based on low pressurized membranes to verify the predictions. For simply supported nanoplates, the size effects are lowest when they are aligned in [100] direction. When the edges get clamped, the orientation dependence is ignorable and the behavior becomes symmetric about [510] axis. The surface residual stress makes drastic increase in buckling temperature of thinner nanoplates for which a minimum thickness is pointed to stay far from material softening at higher temperatures. Deflection of [100]-oriented buckled nanoplates is higher than [110] ones but this reverses at higher temperatures. The results for long nanoplates show that the buckling mode numbers are changed by orientation which is verified by FEM.  相似文献   
7.
The effect of Co particle size on the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) activity of carbon nanotube (CNT)-supported Co catalysts was investigated. Microemulsion (using water-to-surfactant molar ratios of 2 to12) and impregnation techniques were used to prepare catalysts with different Co particle sizes. Kinetic studies were performed to understand the effect of Co particle size on catalytic activity. Size-dependent kinetic parameters were developed using a thermodynamic method, to evaluate the structural sensitivity of the CNT-supported Co catalysts. The size-independent FTS reaction rate constant and size-independent adsorption parameter increased with increasing reac-tion temperature. The Polani parameter also depended on catalyst particle size, because of changes in the catalyst surface coverage.  相似文献   
8.
The inversion of the particle size distribution from electrical mobility measurements is analyzed. Three different methods are adapted for a dot-matrix approach to the problem, especially for non-square or singular matrices, and applied to electrical mobility measurements from fixed or scanning voltages. Multiply charged particles, diffusion losses, arbitrary voltage steps and noise were considered, which results in non-adjoining and overlapping transfer functions. The individual contribution of the transfer functions in each size interval was geometrically estimated, which requires only its characteristic mobilities. The methodology is applied to mobility measurements from particles charged with unipolar and bipolar chargers. However, the method can be extrapolated to any charging method with a defined charge distribution, and retrieval of the singly charged particle distribution and mean charge from a tandem differential mobility analysis configuration was successfully demonstrated.  相似文献   
9.
While a general consensus exists that the morphogenesis of living organisms has its roots in genetically encoded information, there is a big debate about the physical mechanisms that actually mediate its control. In embryo development, cells stop proliferating at homeostasis, a target state in terms of physical conditions that can represent, for instance, the shape and size of an organ. However, while control of mitosis is local, the spatial dimension of a tissue is a global information. How do single cells get aware of that at the same time? Which is their communication mechanism? While morphogen factors are demonstrated to play a key role in morphogenesis, and in particular for shape emergence, they seem unable to produce a global control on size by themselves and, conversely, many recent experiments suggest that active mechanics plays a role. Here we focus on a paradigmatic larval structure: the imaginal disc that will become the wing of the fruit fly. By a formalization of theoretical conjectures in terms of simple mathematical models, we show that inhomogeneous stress, likely dictated by morphogenetic patterns, is an admissible mechanism to convey locally the global information of organ size.  相似文献   
10.
For graphs G and F, write if any coloring of the edges of G with colors yields a monochromatic copy of the graph F. Suppose is obtained from a graph S with s vertices and maximum degree d by subdividing its edges h times (that is, by replacing the edges of S by paths of length h + 1). We prove that there exists a graph G with no more than edges for which holds, provided that . We also extend this result to the case in which Q is a graph with maximum degree d on q vertices with the property that every pair of vertices of degree greater than 2 are distance at least h + 1 apart. This complements work of Pak regarding the size Ramsey number of “long subdivisions” of bounded degree graphs.  相似文献   
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