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1.
Hollow microsphere structure cobalt hydroxide (h-Co(OH)2) was synthesized via an optimized solvothermal-hydrothermal process and applied to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for degradation of a typical pharmaceutically active compound, ibuprofen (IBP). The material characterizations confirmed the presence of the microscale hollow spheres with thin nanosheets shell in h-Co(OH)2, and the crystalline phase was assigned to α-Co(OH)2. h-Co(OH)2 could efficiently activate PMS for radicals production, and 98.6% of IBP was degraded at 10 min. The activation of PMS by h-Co(OH)2 was a pH-independent process, and pH 7 was the optimum condition for the activation-degradation system. Scavenger quenching test indicated that the sulfate radical (SO4? ?) was the primary reactive oxygen species for IBP degradation, which contributed to 75.7%. Fukui index (f ?) based on density functional theory (DFT) calculation predicted the active sites of IBP molecule for SO4? ? attack, and then IBP degradation pathway was proposed by means of intermediates identification and theoretical calculation. The developed hollow Co(OH)2 used to efficiently activate PMS is promising and innovative alternative for organic contaminants removal from water and wastewater.  相似文献   
2.
Molecular-level chemical information about organic matter (OM) in sediments helps to establish the sources of OM and the prevalent degradation/diagenetic processes, both essential for understanding the cycling of carbon (C) and of the elements associated with OM (toxic trace metals and nutrients) in lake ecosystems. Ideally, analytical methods for characterizing OM should allow high sample throughput, consume small amounts of sample and yield relevant chemical information, which are essential for multidisciplinary, high-temporal resolution and/or large spatial scale investigations. We have developed a high-throughput analytical method based on pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and automated data processing to characterize sedimentary OM in sediments. Our method consumes 200 μg of freeze-dried and ground sediment sample. Pyrolysis was performed at 450 °C, which was found to avoid degradation of specific biomarkers (e.g., lignin compounds, fresh carbohydrates/cellulose) compared to 650 °C, which is in the range of temperatures commonly applied for environmental samples. The optimization was conducted using the top ten sediment samples of an annually resolved sediment record (containing 16–18% and 1.3–1.9% of total carbon and nitrogen, respectively). Several hundred pyrolytic compound peaks were detected of which over 200 were identified, which represent different classes of organic compounds (i.e., n-alkanes, n-alkenes, 2-ketones, carboxylic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, other N compounds, (methoxy)phenols, (poly)aromatics, chlorophyll and steroids/hopanoids). Technical reproducibility measured as relative standard deviation of the identified peaks in triplicate analyses was 5.5 ± 4.3%, with 90% of the RSD values within 10% and 98% within 15%. Finally, a multivariate calibration model was calculated between the pyrolytic degradation compounds and the sediment depth (i.e., sediment age), which is a function of degradation processes and changes in OM source type. This allowed validation of the Py–GC/MS dataset against fundamental processes involved in OM cycling in aquatic ecosystems.  相似文献   
3.
通过紫外-可见光吸收光谱,三维荧光光谱和气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)方法,比较研究了不同湖区与不同营养水平五个典型湖泊(洱海、滇池、鄱阳湖、武汉东湖、太湖)沉积物DON组分特征及其与水体营养水平间关系。结果表明:1与东部平原湖区相比,云贵高原湖泊沉积物DON结构较为稳定,生物可利用率较低;2同属云贵高原湖区,污染较严重的滇池,其沉积物DON来源和结构组分较复杂,生物可利用率较高;而污染程度相对较轻的洱海,其沉积物DON来源较简单,结构组分稳定性相对较高,有利于维持较好的水质;3东部平原湖区中,太湖和武汉东湖营养水平接近,其沉积物DON结构组分相近且相对复杂,但芳香度较低,芳香环取代基较少,对营养盐的固持能力较弱,对水污染的贡献较大,而鄱阳湖,其沉积物DON结构组分相对简单,但对营养盐的固持能力较强,对维持良好水质起积极作用;4P_((Ⅲ+Ⅴ,n))/P_((Ⅰ+Ⅱ,n))指数(类腐殖质与类蛋白质含量的比值)依次为滇池(33.14)洱海(21.49)太湖(15.65)东湖(8.49)鄱阳湖(5.21),E_4/E_6指数(465与665nm处的吸光度比值)依次为滇池(27.00)东湖(6.65)鄱阳湖(5.47)太湖(3.50)洱海(2.31),即P_((Ⅲ+Ⅴ,n))/P_((Ⅰ+Ⅱ,n))与E_4/E_6指数对不同营养水平湖泊的区分度较好,此外,两种指数与沉积物中多种氮具有较好的相关性,两者可在一定程度上指示湖泊营养水平。  相似文献   
4.
A dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction procedure based on solidification of floating organic droplet has been investigated for the determination of fungicides (cyprodinil, difenoconazole, myclobutanil, and spiroxamine) in sediments by HPLC with diode array detection. In the overall extraction process, the extraction solvents can be separated easily from the sample solution, and the experiment time was shortened. Moreover, several parameters such as the type and volume of the extraction solvent and dispersive solvent, centrifugal speed, extraction time, and salt effect that affect the extraction efficiencies of the target fungicides were studied and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the LOD for the target analytes were in the range of 0.1–0.5 μg/g. Satisfactory recoveries of the target analytes in the sediment samples were 81.00–99.00%, with RSDs (n = 5) that ranged from 1.8 to 6.5%. Finally, the simple, sensitive, and environmentally friendly method was successfully applied to determine the target fungicides in actual sediment samples.  相似文献   
5.
沉积物中的叶绿素及其衍生物不易变化,是生产力的敏感指标。因此,根据其含量和种类可探查陆地生态系统的初级生产力。讨论了沉积物中叶绿素的提取及同步荧光测定叶绿素的方法,并应用于西双版纳热带雨林沉积物中叶绿素的测定,并对其环境意义进行了初步研究。研究发现,在最佳实验条件下,叶绿素a、b的浓度在0.5~200μg/L范围内与荧光信号呈良好的线性关系,相关系数分别为0.9994、0.9999;其检出限分别为1.410和0.376μg/L。本方法适合批量测定,为沉积物中低含量叶绿素的测定提供了一种简单而快速的测定方法。  相似文献   
6.
The method employing molecularly imprinted polymers for the extraction and clean up of endocrine‐disrupting compounds (estrogens, bisphenol A, and alkylphenols) from water and sediment is described. The identical extraction/clean‐up and LC‐MS/MS condition were used for the analysis of both types of samples. The method showed high recoveries ranging from 90 to 99% with excellent precision (intrabatch: 3.6–9.3%; interbatch: 5.6–11.4% for water; intrabatch: 4.3–8.5%; interbatch: 6.1–9.6% for sediment). The LOD was in the range of 0.7–1.9 ng/L and 0.3–0.6 ng/g for water and sediment, respectively. Overall extraction on molecularly imprinted polymers substantially enhanced sample clean‐up. The difference in efficiency of clean‐up was particularly pronounced when a large sample volume/weight was extracted and analyzed. Finally, the method was successfully applied for the analysis of 20 water and sediment samples.  相似文献   
7.
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been successfully used for extracting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from porewater samples from the Mersey Estuary, UK. The majority of the PAHs in porewater samples are associated with colloids due to the high DOC concentrations. The truly dissolved PAH concentrations varied from 66 to 1050?ng?L?1 in core 2 and from 95 to 740?ng?L?1 in core 3, and were dominated by naphthalene, fluoranthene, and pyrene. Although absent in the dissolved phase, the high-molecular-mass compounds were found in the colloid-associated fraction of porewater. PAHs in sediments arose from a range of compounds with 4- and 5-ring PAHs dominating. The partitioning of PAHs between sediment and porewater shows that PAHs are enriched in the sediment phase. When the soot carbon content was considered, predictions of the partition behaviour were found to agree more closely with the observed distribution. The results reiterate the importance of evaluating the speciation of organic pollutants in both porewater and sediments in order to accurately predict their environmental fate and potential toxicity.  相似文献   
8.
A method for studying PCB desorption behaviour from sediments using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) is presented. Four sediments were investigated and extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide employing increasingly harsher extraction conditions ranging from 40°C and 12?MPa to 100°C and 36.5?MPa. To ensure quantitative extractions, the remaining SFE residues were also extracted with PLE. Resulting profiles identified at least three different PCB fractions within the four sediments. Furthermore, a distinct fraction was obtained with extraction for 2?h at 40°C and 36.5?MPa. This fraction has previously been found to correlate well with bioavailable fractions. The dependency of this fraction on sediment total organic carbon (TOC) was investigated, both for sediments examined in this study as well as for previously reported values using the same extraction conditions. It was found that TOC does not correlate to selective SFE, which indicates that the use of TOC to predict bioavailability is questionable.  相似文献   
9.
土壤/沉积物中重金属元素分析的前处理技术研究进展   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
概述了近年来土壤/沉积物样品中重金属元素分析的前处理技术,包括电热板法、微波消解法、高压密闭消解法和碱熔法等,对各种前处理方法的优缺点进行了比较,并对土壤/沉积物样品中重金属元素的前处理技术研究方向进行了展望。  相似文献   
10.
The optimization of analytical procedures for the quantification of free and total microcystins (MCs) in natural sediments was systematically examined based on solvent extraction and Lemieux oxidation. In this optimized analytical procedure, a sequential solvent extraction using 50% (v/v) methanol and EDTA-sodium pyrophosphate was selected as the optimal extraction solvent for free MCs analysis, after which the purified extracts and sediment residuals were applied to the optimized Lemieux oxidation for determination of total MCs in lake sediments. The optimized procedures were shown to be efficient and reliable for the routine analysis of both free and total MCs in lake sediment samples, as indicated by the minimal adverse impact of sediment organic matter on the recovery of free MCs and yield of MMPB (2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid). Finally, the developed procedures were applied to field sediment samples collected from Lake Dianchi during a bloom season and seven of thirty samples showed positive results.  相似文献   
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