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1.
Pressure oxidation leaching behavior of chalcopyrite in sulfuric acid solution from 110 °C to 150 °C were investigated by in-situ electrochemical methods. Leaching experiments under saturated vapor pressure conditions were used to simulate the anoxic environment that may be encountered in industrial applications. Scanning electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize the morphology and the chemical status of chalcopyrite surface. Results show that the copper extraction was increased with the increase of leaching temperature. Under the optimal leaching conditions under saturated vapor pressure, the copper and iron extraction are 8.3% and 29.8%, respectively. When the temperature increased from 110 °C to 150 °C, the self-corrosion potential and electrochemical reaction resistance firstly increased and then decreased. In contrast, the resistance of the passive film was always increased with the increase of temperature. The electrochemical study results indicated that the increase in temperature affected the oxidation of chalcopyrite by altering the kinetics of the cathodic reaction and the anodic passivation. Both the self-corrosion current density (icorr) and rate constant were affected by the reduction of Fe(III). The XPS results show that elemental sulfur and H3O(Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6) were the main leaching solid products. The formation of H3O(Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6) not only caused a decrease in cathodic reaction kinetics, but also increased the resistance of mass transfer process. Due to the faster release of iron, copper-rich sulphides were formed, which mixed with the elemental sulfur and/or H3O(Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6) led to coverage of the chalcopyrite surface.  相似文献   
2.
The high-pressure structures and properties of MH2 (M = Nb, Ta) are explored through an ab initio evolutionary algorithm for crystal structure prediction and first-principles calculations. It is found that NbH2 undergoes a phase transition from a cubic Fm3¯m structure with regular NbH8 cubes to an orthorhombic Pnma structure with fascinating distorted NbH9 tetrakaidecahedrons at 48.8 GPa, while the phase transition pressure of TaH2 from a hexagonal P63mc phase with slightly distorted TaH7 decahedron to an orthorhombic Pnma phase with attractive distorted TaH9 tetrakaidecahedrons is about 90.0 GPa. Besides, the calculated electronic band structure and density of states demonstrate that all of these structures are metallic. The Poisson’s ratio, electron localization function, and Bader charge analysis suggest that these phases possess dominant ionic bonding character with the effective charges transferring from the metal atom to H. From our electron–phonon calculations, the calculated superconducting critical temperature Tc of the Pnma-NbH2 is 6.903 K at 50 GPa. Finally, via the quasi-harmonic approximation method, the phase diagrams at pressure up to 300 GPa and temperature up to 1000 K of MH2 (M = Nb, Ta) are established, where the transition pressure of Fm3¯m-NbH2 → Pnma-NbH2 and P63mc-TaH2 → Pnma-TaH2 were found to decrease with increasing temperature.  相似文献   
3.
As an innovative thermal energy technology, the spray-type packed bed has advantages of high efficiency and low cost. A liquid distributor is the key component for the spray-type packed bed for scattering heat-transfer liquid drops evenly. In this study, the distribution performance and pressure drop of the perforated plate distributors of different orifice diameters were studied experimentally. The experimental results indicate that orifice diameter has a greater effect on the distribution performance compared to flow rate. With an increase in flow rate, the flow pattern through the distributor changes from the uncovered drop to the covered drop and then to the jet flow. The covered drop pattern shows the best performance with a good distribution and a small pressure drop simultaneously, which is the design and optimization principle of the distributor for a spray-type packed bed.  相似文献   
4.
CO2-expanded organic solvent is a kind of important fluid medium and has broad applications in chemical industry, environmental protection and other fields. Ultrasonic cavitation in gas expanded liquids (GXLs) is conducive to enhancing mass transfer and producing many exciting phenomena. In this paper, the ultrasonic cavitations and streaming in the saturated CO2-expanded liquid N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) at 4.2 MPa and 5.2 MPa are observed by a high-speed camera. The cavitation intensity and time trace of pressure pulses are recorded using a PZT hydrophone. The influences of gas–liquid equilibrium pressure and ultrasonic power on the cluster dynamics of transient and stable cavitation are examined. The excess molar enthalpies required for CO2 dissociation from DMF are calculated by Peng-Robinson equations of state and the change of surface free energy of CO2-expanded DMF is predicted. The results show that the excess enthalpy of the mixture is one of the key factors to control ultrasonic cavitation at high pressurized conditions, while the surface tension is the key factor for low pressure. As the increase of applied ultrasonic power, the formation and collapsing frequency of bubble clusters increases, and the amplitude and cyclic frequency of pressure pulse are enhanced. The transient cavitation intensity increases as it reaches a maximum value at a certain ultrasonic power and then decreases. The change trends of stable cavitation intensity under different pressures are basically same. It can be concluded from the evidence that ultrasonic cavitation in CO2-expanded DMF is affected by the combined effect of compression and substitution: compression depresses the nucleation and growth of bubbles, while the high solubility of CO2 in DMF is conducive to the generation of bubbles in cavitation.  相似文献   
5.
采用分子动力学的方法模拟Zr_(67)Ni_(33)合金液体在不同压强下快速凝固过程,通过结构分析方法如对分布函数、配位数、Honeycutt-Andersen(HA)键型指数法,以及动力学参数如均方位移、自散射关联函数、非高斯参数研究压强对Zr_(67)Ni_(33)非晶合金局域原子结构和其过冷液体动力学性能的影响.研究结果表明:压强越大,Zr_(67)Ni_(33)非晶合金中Zr-Ni原子间的相互作用越强,体系结构有序性越强,过冷液体中动力学减慢和动力学不均匀现象越显著.  相似文献   
6.
In this work, a new methodology is introduced to calculate the solids mixing rate in dense gas-fluidized beds using the two-fluid model. The implementation of this methodology into an existing two-fluid model code was carefully verified. The solids phase continuity equation was satisfied using our method, and the sensitivity of the computational results to the time step, computational cell size, and discretization scheme was investigated to determine the optimal simulation settings. Using these simulation settings, the degree of solids mixing was observed to rapidly (exponentially) increase with increasing operating pressure and linearly decrease with increasing bed diameter. Our novel methodology can be applied to analyze mixing processes in large lab-scale beds as an alternative to existing time-consuming simulation techniques such as computational fluid dynamics combined with the discrete element model.  相似文献   
7.
In order to improve the particle collection efficiency of the electrostatic precipitator (ESP), a transverse plate ESP with bipolar discharge electrodes is proposed. The simulations of the velocity distribution have shown that when the inlet velocity is 1 m/s, within the range of 40 mm from electrode plate, the average velocities of windward side and leeward side are less than 0.7 m/s and 0.3 m/s respectively. It is clear that the velocity near the collection electrode plate of this bipolar ESP is much lower than that of the ordinary ESP at the same inlet velocity. This low velocity can lead to higher efficiency for fine dust collection due to the less dust re-entrainment in ESP. It is also found that the average velocities are getting lower when the distance between plates electrodes are greater than 150 mm in accordance with the simulations. The voltage current characteristics of the bipolar ESP are superior to the ordinary ESP. The pressure drop of the bipolar ESP is about 30% higher than that of the ordinary one. The dust penetration of the bipolar ESP is about 54% less than that of the ordinary ESP when the sintering dust with 25.405 μm mass median diameter is used as the test particulate under the condition of the electric field from 2.1 kV/cm to 3.2 kV/cm and the velocity from 1.0 m/s to 1.5 m/s.  相似文献   
8.
The paper presents an analytical solution to Lamé's problem for a hollow sphere with unknown evolving boundaries. The double-sided uniform corrosion of a linearly elastic thick-walled spherical shell under internal and external pressure is considered. It is assumed that the corrosion rates are piecewise linear functions of the maximum principal stress on the related surface, and exponentially decaying with time. The corrosion process is supposed to be divided into three successive stages: constant rate double-sided corrosive wear, a stage of corrosion accelerated on only one of the surfaces of the shell, and a double-sided mechanochemical corrosion. Closed-formed expressions for all the consecutive stages are obtained with their junction points (corresponding to stress corrosion thresholds) being taken into account.  相似文献   
9.
In the maritime environment slamming is a phenomenon known as short duration impact of water on a floating or sailing structure. Slamming loads are local and could induce very high local stresses. This paper reports a series of impact test results and investigate the slamming loads and pressures acting on a square based pyramid. In this study the slamming tests have been conducted at constant velocity impact with a hydraulic high speed shock machine. This specific experimental equipment avoids the deceleration of the structure observed usually during water entry with drop tests. Three velocities of the rigid pyramid have been used (10, 13 and 15 m s−1). Time-histories of local pressures, accelerations and slamming loads were successfully measured. The relationship between the pressure magnitude and the impact velocity is obtained and the spatial distribution of pressures on pyramid sides is characterized. The impact velocity was found to have a negligible influence in predicting the maximum pressure coefficient.  相似文献   
10.
Vanadate and vanadium compounds exist in many environmental, biological and clinical matrices, and despite the need only limited progress has been made on the analysis of vanadium compounds. The vanadium coordination chemistry of different oxidation states is known, and the result of the characterization and speciation analysis depends on the subsequent chemistry and the methods of analysis. Many studies have used a range of methods for the characterization and determination of metal ions in a variety of materials. One successful technique is high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) that has been used mainly for measuring total vanadium level and metal speciation. Some cases have been reported where complexes of different oxidation states of vanadium have been separated by HPLC. Specifically reversed phase (RP) HPLC has frequently been used for the measurement of vanadium. Other HPLC methods such as normal phase, anion-exchange, cation-exchange, size exclusion and other RP-HPLC modes such as, ion-pair and micellar have been used to separate selected vanadium compounds. We will present a review that summarizes and critically analyzes the reported methods for analysis of vanadium salts and vanadium compounds in different sample matrices. We will compare various HPLC methods and modes including sample preparation, chelating reagents, mobile phase and detection methods. The comparison will allow us to identify the best analytical HPLC method and mode for measuring vanadium levels and what information such methods provide with regard to speciation and quantitation of the vanadium compounds.  相似文献   
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