首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   36433篇
  免费   3161篇
  国内免费   1854篇
化学   18860篇
晶体学   158篇
力学   1608篇
综合类   176篇
数学   8083篇
物理学   12563篇
  2023年   317篇
  2022年   526篇
  2021年   1055篇
  2020年   942篇
  2019年   999篇
  2018年   682篇
  2017年   792篇
  2016年   1056篇
  2015年   984篇
  2014年   1498篇
  2013年   2529篇
  2012年   1600篇
  2011年   1836篇
  2010年   1650篇
  2009年   2200篇
  2008年   2302篇
  2007年   2492篇
  2006年   1952篇
  2005年   1201篇
  2004年   1086篇
  2003年   1239篇
  2002年   1126篇
  2001年   1061篇
  2000年   813篇
  1999年   644篇
  1998年   679篇
  1997年   501篇
  1996年   566篇
  1995年   497篇
  1994年   496篇
  1993年   500篇
  1992年   438篇
  1991年   285篇
  1990年   206篇
  1989年   204篇
  1988年   205篇
  1987年   216篇
  1986年   224篇
  1985年   343篇
  1984年   269篇
  1983年   159篇
  1982年   307篇
  1981年   482篇
  1980年   435篇
  1979年   481篇
  1978年   382篇
  1977年   289篇
  1976年   258篇
  1974年   78篇
  1973年   166篇
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
When applying a diagnostic technique to complex systems, whose dynamics, constraints, and environment evolve over time, being able to re-evaluate the residuals that are capable of detecting defaults and proposing the most appropriate ones can quickly prove to make sense. For this purpose, the concept of adaptive diagnosis is introduced. In this work, the contributions of information theory are investigated in order to propose a Fault-Tolerant multi-sensor data fusion framework. This work is part of studies proposing an architecture combining a stochastic filter for state estimation with a diagnostic layer with the aim of proposing a safe and accurate state estimation from potentially inconsistent or erroneous sensors measurements. From the design of the residuals, using α-Rényi Divergence (α-RD), to the optimization of the decision threshold, through the establishment of a function that is dedicated to the choice of α at each moment, we detail each step of the proposed automated decision-support framework. We also dwell on: (1) the consequences of the degree of freedom provided by this α parameter and on (2) the application-dictated policy to design the α tuning function playing on the overall performance of the system (detection rate, false alarms, and missed detection rates). Finally, we present a real application case on which this framework has been tested. The problem of multi-sensor localization, integrating sensors whose operating range is variable according to the environment crossed, is a case study to illustrate the contributions of such an approach and show the performance.  相似文献   
2.
We generalize the Jensen-Shannon divergence and the Jensen-Shannon diversity index by considering a variational definition with respect to a generic mean, thereby extending the notion of Sibson’s information radius. The variational definition applies to any arbitrary distance and yields a new way to define a Jensen-Shannon symmetrization of distances. When the variational optimization is further constrained to belong to prescribed families of probability measures, we get relative Jensen-Shannon divergences and their equivalent Jensen-Shannon symmetrizations of distances that generalize the concept of information projections. Finally, we touch upon applications of these variational Jensen-Shannon divergences and diversity indices to clustering and quantization tasks of probability measures, including statistical mixtures.  相似文献   
3.
The acoustic radiation force resulting from acoustic waves have been extensively studied for the contact-free generation of organized patterning arrays. The precise arrangement of microscopic objects clustered at the pressure nodes is critical to the development of functional structures and patterned surfaces. However, the size of the clusters is restricted by the saturation limit of the acoustic nodes. Here, we present a bulk acoustic wave (BAW) platform, which employs a two-dimensional acoustic wave to propel particles of various sizes. Experimentally, when particles are large, significant acoustic energy is scattered and partly absorbed by the matched layers in front of the sensors. The acoustic radiation force from a convergent acoustic pressure field agglomerates the large polystyrene (PS) particles towards the central region instead of the pressure nodes. The parametric analysis has been performed to assess the transition in the particles from clustering at the organized nodal arrays to agglomerating in the central region, which is a function of particle size, particle concentration, and load voltage. Statistically, the particles can agglomerate with a cluster ratio greater than 70%, and this ratio can be improved by increasing the load power/voltage supplied to the transducers. With its ability to perform biocompatible, label-free, and contact-free self-assembly, this concept offers a new possibility in the fabrication of colloidal layers, the recreation of tissue microstructure, the development of organoid spheroid cultures, the migration of microorganisms, and the assembly of bioprinting materials.  相似文献   
4.
In this article, a way to employ the diffusion approximation to model interplay between TCP and UDP flows is presented. In order to control traffic congestion, an environment of IP routers applying AQM (Active Queue Management) algorithms has been introduced. Furthermore, the impact of the fractional controller PIγ and its parameters on the transport protocols is investigated. The controller has been elaborated in accordance with the control theory. The TCP and UDP flows are transmitted simultaneously and are mutually independent. Only the TCP is controlled by the AQM algorithm. Our diffusion model allows a single TCP or UDP flow to start or end at any time, which distinguishes it from those previously described in the literature.  相似文献   
5.
We address the problem of telegraphic transport in several dimensions. We review the derivation of two and three dimensional telegrapher’s equations—as well as their fractional generalizations—from microscopic random walk models for transport (normal and anomalous). We also present new results on solutions of the higher dimensional fractional equations.  相似文献   
6.
Suspension culture is an essential large-scale cell culture technique for biopharmaceutical development and regenerative medicine. To transition from monolayer culture on the culture surface of a flask to suspension culture in a bioreactor, a pre-specified cell number must first be reached. During this period of preparation for suspension culture, static suspension culture in a flask is generally performed because the medium volume is not large enough to use a paddle to circulate the medium. However, drawbacks to this static method include cell sedimentation, leading to high cell density near the bottom and resulting in oxygen and nutrient deficiencies. Here, we propose a suspension culture method with acoustic streaming induced by ultrasonic waves in a T-flask to create a more homogeneous distribution of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products during the preparation period preceding large-scale suspension culture in a bioreactor. To demonstrate the performance of the ultrasonic method, Chinese hamster ovary cells were cultured for 72 h. Results showed that, on average, the cell proliferation was improved by 40% compared with the static method. Thus, the culture time required to achieve a 1000-fold increase could be reduced by 32 h (a 14% reduction) compared with the static method. Furthermore, the ultrasonic irradiation did not compromise the metabolic activity of the cells cultured using the ultrasonic method. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the ultrasonic method for accelerating the transition to large-scale suspension culture.  相似文献   
7.
为简化构架避雷针风振时域计算从而有效降低计算耗时,以单跨和三跨构架避雷针结构为例,根据构架体系的结构特性和风振特点,提出一种简化计算方法,即对每个塔架单独建模并考虑结构刚度和质量系统的一致性和横梁荷载的等效加载,从而对每个塔架单独进行动力计算,并对这种简化方法的合理性进行了验证.研究发现,构架避雷针的频率较小,风振效应较为显著,但在各方向均以一阶振型为绝对主力;构架避雷针的塔架在平面外的荷载耦联效应极小,平面内也仅表现有位移均值的耦联效应:这两个结构特性也为风振简化计算提供了便利.对每个塔架的简化模型,通过在塔架与原横梁连接处设置弹簧和附加质量来实现对原结构一阶振型的等效,并通过影响线法将横梁分布风荷载等效为塔架的集中荷载.由此简化方法所得的结构风振静动力响应结果均与原始结构有良好一致性,并且计算效率得以显著提升.  相似文献   
8.
The effects of air sparging (0–16 L min−1) and mechanical mixing (0–400 rpm) on enhancing the sonochemical degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) was investigated using a 28 kHz sonoreactor. The degradation of RhB followed pseudo first-order kinetics, where sparging or mixing induced a large sonochemical enhancement. The kinetic constant varied in three stages (gradually increased → increased exponentially → decreased slightly) as the rate of sparging or mixing increased, where the stages were similar for both processes. The highest sonochemical activity was obtained with sparging at 8 L min−1 or mixing at 200 rpm, where the standing wave field was significantly deformed by sparging and mixing, respectively. The cavitational oxidation activity was concentrated at the bottom of the sonicator when higher sparging or mixing rates were employed. Therefore, the large enhancement in the sonochemical oxidation was attributed mainly to the direct disturbance of the ultrasound transmission and the resulting change in the cavitation-active zone in this study. The effect of the position of air sparging and mixing was investigated. The indirect inhibition of the ultrasound transmission resulted in less enhancement of the sonochemical activity. Moreover, the effect of various sparging gases including air, N2, O2, Ar, CO2, and an Ar/O2 (8:2) mixture was compared, where all gases except CO2 induced an enhancement in the sonochemical activity, irrespective of the concentration of dissolved oxygen. The highest activity was obtained with the Ar/O2 (8:2) mixture. Therefore, it was revealed that the sonochemical oxidation activity could be further enhanced by applying gas sparging using the optimal gas.  相似文献   
9.
高速列车轴承可靠性评估关键力学参量研究进展   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
轴承是高速列车牵引传动和轮轴系统的关键零部件. 受列车运行过程中电机转矩、齿轮啮合以及轮轨随机激励的影响,轴承可能发生疲劳破坏, 严重影响高速列车的行车安全.我国特有的复杂运用条件对轴承部件的疲劳性能提出了更高的要求,而轴承疲劳可靠性的基础理论和关键技术是我国轴承正向设计研发中的薄弱环节.可靠性评估方面的相关研究在解决轴承可靠性研究的瓶颈问题中起到了承上启下的关键作用.高速列车轴承可靠性评估手段与技术旨在获得使用环境中轴承可靠性评估的关键力学参量,并以此推动复杂激励下轴承疲劳可靠性理论研究. 因此,需要哪些关键力学参量并且在复杂的实际使用环境下如何去获取这些力学参量是进行高速列车轴承可靠性评估的关键所在.本文首先概述了高速列车轴承所处的复杂使用环境及运用中的主要失效模式,并据此分析了高速列车轴承可靠性评估所需的关键力学参量,强调了轴承内部滚滑行为和载荷分布在可靠性评估和轴承状态监测中的重要作用,之后从计算模型和测试技术等方面系统阐述了针对这两个关键力学参量的研究进展.最后提出了在高速列车轴承可靠性评估关键力学参量特征及测试技术研究中值得关注的若干问题.   相似文献   
10.
为提高生鲜羊肉储存期内(4,8和20 ℃环境)挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)的近红外光谱(NIR)检测的稳定性和准确性,选取特征光谱和预测模型是关键步骤。以121个羊肉样品为实验对象,采集生鲜羊肉680~2 600 nm波段的近红外光谱。以多元散射校正(MSC)、标准正态变换(SNV)等散射校正方法,Savitzky-Golay卷积平滑(SGS)、移动平均平滑(MAS)等平滑处理方法,以及归一化(Normalization)、中心化(Centering)、标准化(Autoscaling)等尺度缩放方法分别预处理光谱数据后建立偏最小二乘法(PLS)预测模型。比较发现SGS处理的光谱建模效果最好。利用蒙特卡洛采样(MCS)法及马氏距离法(MD)消除了羊肉光谱的5个异常数据。运用光谱-理化值共生距离(SPXY)算法划分总样本的75%(87个)为校正集样本,剩余29个为验证集样本,利用竞争性自适应重加权法(CARS)、无信息变量消除法(UVE)、改进的无信息变量消除法(IUVE)和连续投影算法(SPA)提取特征光谱得到的波长个数分别为14,713,144和15。将全光谱和4种方法提取的特征波长作为输入变量建立预测模型,CARS提取的波长所建立模型的性能优于UVE、IUVE和SPA提取的波长所建立模型的性能,表明CARS方法可以有效简化输入变量并提高预测模型的性能。改进后得到的IUVE法相比于UVE法,筛选出的波长数更少且模型性能有所提升。以提取的特征波长建立PLS,支持向量机(SVM)和最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)预测模型,SVM模型得到最优的校正集预测结果,其中CARS-SVM预测模型的校正决定系数(R2C)和校正均方根误差(RMSEC)分别为0.939 1和1.426 7,最优的验证集预测效果为LS-SVM预测模型得到,其中IUVE-LS-SVM预测模型的验证决定系数(R2V)和验证均方根误差(RMSEV)分别为0.856 8和1.886 2。基于近红外特征光谱建立简化、优化的生鲜羊肉储存期TVB-N预测模型,为实现快速无损检测生鲜羊肉中的TVB-N浓度提供技术支持。  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号