双电极法现场快速检测地下水和湖水中碳酸氢根和碳酸根

地下水和湖水中碳酸氢根( HCO-3)和碳酸根( CO2-3)含量是地球化学碳行为和碳循环的重要表征,但两种离子的浓度易受环境影响而改变,因此,地下水和湖水中HCO-3和CO2-3真实含量的测定一直是个难题。实验利用CO2的水解平衡,通过pH电极和二氧化碳电极联用,建立了HCO-3和CO2-3现场快速测定的新方法,解决了地下水和湖水中HCO-3和CO2-3真实含量的测定难题。研究结果表明,在pH=4.8±0.1的底液中, HCO-3和CO2-3的线性范围分别为0.027~570 mg/L和1.25×10-8~39.7 mg/L。共存的金属离子、强酸阴离子(K+、Na+、Mg2+、Cl-、SO2-4,100 mg/L)、弱酸阴离子和弱酸(HSO-3、NO-2、HOAc,50 mg/L)对测定干扰小于5%。实际水样加标实验回收率在95.2%~99.2%之间,相对标准偏差为2.6%~3.7%。与酸碱滴定法进行对比,本方法的准确性良好。但方法受温度影响,因此标准溶液与样品应在同一温度下测量。总体而言,双电极法灵敏、快速、经济且电极携带方便、操作简单、对环境要求不高,十分适合现场和室内一般自然水体的快速检测。本方法已成功应用于青海省地下水和青海湖湖水中HCO-3和CO2-3的现场测定。实验表明,海东地区地下水样品pH在6.4~7.4之间,HCO-3含量为234~4096 mg/L,CO2-3含量为0.16~1.89 mg/L；青海湖湖水样品pH≈8.7,HCO-3含量范围在1.36~1.86 g/L,CO2-3含量在32.3~43.9 mg/L,与文献结果吻合。     

片段化森林中檵木幼苗种内叶经济性状变异及其驱动因子

在异质性生境中，种内功能性状变异有助于植物对环境的适应，进而影响种群更新、群落构建和生态系统过程。探讨了种内叶经济性状的变异及受生境异质性的塑造情况。以千岛湖片段化生境中的常见种檵木（Loropetalum chinense）的幼苗为研究对象，测定了200株檵木幼苗个体水平的7个叶经济性状（比叶面积SLA、叶全碳量C、叶全氮量N等）及其对应的生境因子（郁闭度、土壤全碳量、土壤全氮量等），采用相关性检验、主成分分析和线性混合效应模型等方法探讨片段化森林中檵木幼苗的种内叶经济性状变异及生境异质性对该变异的驱动作用。结果显示：（1） 在7个叶经济性状所构成的21对相关性分析中，有12对显著相关。经主成分分析降维后，主成分1（PC1）占性状总变异的43.02%，主要与比叶面积、叶绿素浓度、叶全氮量呈正相关，与叶干物质质量分数和叶碳氮比呈负相关，体现了檵木的种内叶经济谱，可反映叶片的最大光合效率。（2）片段化对生境条件和叶经济性状均有影响。岛屿森林群落的郁闭度显著低于大陆。相对于大陆，岛屿中的檵木幼苗趋向于更小的PC1值（缓慢投资-收益策略）；大岛边缘较大岛内部偏向于更小的PC1值。（3）生境因子中，郁闭度对PC1具有显著正效应。研究表明，片段化生境中的檵木在幼苗阶段存在叶经济谱，生境片段化可通过影响生境条件进而改变檵木幼苗的叶经济性状。随着生境片段化程度的加剧，檵木幼苗的叶经济性状逐渐向缓慢投资-收益策略靠拢。     

Simple Equations Method (SEsM): Algorithm,Connection with Hirota Method,Inverse Scattering Transform Method,and Several Other Methods

The goal of this article is to discuss the Simple Equations Method (SEsM) for obtaining exact solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations and to show that several well-known methods for obtaining exact solutions of such equations are connected to SEsM. In more detail, we show that the Hirota method is connected to a particular case of SEsM for a specific form of the function from Step 2 of SEsM and for simple equations of the kinds of differential equations for exponential functions. We illustrate this particular case of SEsM by obtaining the three- soliton solution of the Korteweg-de Vries equation, two-soliton solution of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, and the soliton solution of the Ishimori equation for the spin dynamics of ferromagnetic materials. Then we show that a particular case of SEsM can be used in order to reproduce the methodology of the inverse scattering transform method for the case of the Burgers equation and Korteweg-de Vries equation. This particular case is connected to use of a specific case of Step 2 of SEsM. This step is connected to: (i) representation of the solution of the solved nonlinear partial differential equation as expansion as power series containing powers of a “small” parameter ϵ; (ii) solving the differential equations arising from this representation by means of Fourier series, and (iii) transition from the obtained solution for small values of ϵ to solution for arbitrary finite values of ϵ. Finally, we show that the much-used homogeneous balance method, extended homogeneous balance method, auxiliary equation method, Jacobi elliptic function expansion method, F-expansion method, modified simple equation method, trial function method and first integral method are connected to particular cases of SEsM.     

An interlaboratory capillary zone electrophoresis-UV study of various monoclonal antibodies,instruments, and ε-aminocaproic acid lots

Capillary zone electrophoresis ultraviolet (CZE-UV) has become increasingly popular for the charge heterogeneity determination of mAbs and vaccines. The ε-aminocaproic acid (eACA) CZE-UV method has been used as a rapid platform method. However, in the last years, several issues have been observed, for example, loss in electrophoretic resolution or baseline drifts. Evaluating the role of eACA on the reported issues, various laboratories were requested to provide their routinely used eACA CZE-UV methods, and background electrolyte compositions. Although every laboratory claimed to use the He et al. eACA CZE-UV method, most methods actually deviate from He's. Subsequently, a detailed interlaboratory study was designed wherein two commercially available mAbs (Waters’ Mass Check Standard mAb [pI 7] and NISTmAb [pI 9]) were provided to each laboratory, along with two detailed eACA CZE-UV protocols for a short-end, high-speed, and a long-end, high-resolution method. Ten laboratories participated each using their own instruments, and commodities, showing excellence method performance (relative standard deviations [RSDs] of percent time-corrected main peak areas from 0.2% to 1.9%, and RSDs of migration times from 0.7% to 1.8% [n = 50 per laboratory], analysis times in some cases as short as 2.5 min). This study clarified that eACA is not the main reason for the abovementioned variations.     

Impact of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 during Periodontitis and Cardiovascular Diseases

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has been shown to play a key role in endothelial function and perhaps pivotal in the correlation between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease (CVD). For the study, the impact of MMP-9 of periodontitis and CVD on serum and saliva concentrations was analyzed. For the study patients with periodontitis (n = 31), CVD (n = 31), periodontitis + CVD (n = 31), and healthy patients (n = 31) were enrolled. Clinical and demographic characteristics as well as serum and salivary MMP-9 were evaluated. MMP-9 concentrations in serum and saliva were statistically elevated in patients with CVD (p < 0.01) and in patients with periodontitis plus CVD (p < 0.001) compared to patients with periodontitis and healthy subjects. Multivariate regression analysis showed that c-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was the only significant predictor for MMP-9 serum (p < 0.001), whereas hs-CRP (p < 0.001) and total cholesterol (p = 0.029) were the statistically significant salivary MMP-9 predictors. This study evidenced that patients with CVD and periodontitis + CVD presented elevated MMP-9 concentrations in serum and saliva compared to patients with periodontitis and healthy subjects. Furthermore, hs-CRP was a negative predictor of serum and salivary MMP-9.     

龙子湖水文工程地质条件分析与渗漏控制

在详细分析了龙子湖地区水文地质条件和工程地质条件的基础上,根据龙子湖的设计方案,指出龙子湖建成后可能存在渗漏量过大的问题,从而影响该区的生态环境等环境地质问题。本文建立了三维渗流数值模型,通过数值模拟证实了龙子湖建成后确实存在渗漏量过大的问题,并为解决这些环境地质问题提供参考方案,还预测分析了环境水文地质条件改变后可能进一步出现的问题并提出了相应的解决方案。     

白洋淀内水体的流动特征研究

研究了风对白洋淀内水体循环流动的影响，研究指出：(1)风应力可看作是水体循环 的主要驱动力. (2)在风应力的作用下，水体表层的流动主方向与风的方向一致，下层水体 的流动方向与表层方向相逆或近似相逆. (3)表层以下水体流动复杂，次表层水平流动有明 显的双涡结构. (4)淀底地形对水体垂向流动影响很大，垂向速度变化复杂，垂向上有双涡 流动现象. 从动力学角度研究了淀内水体流动的情况.     

Computation of Spatial Covariance Matrices

In an earlier article, Ghosh derived the density for the distance between two points uniformly and independently distributed in a rectangle. This article extends that work to include the case where the two points lie in two different rectangles in a lattice. This density allows one to find the expected value of certain functions of this distance between rectangles analytically or by one-dimensional numerical integration.

In the case of isotropic spatial models or spatial models with geometric anisotropy terms for agricultural experiments one can use these theoretical results to compute the covariance between the yields in different rectangular plots. As the numerical integration is one-dimensional these results are computed quickly and accurately. The types of covariance functions used come from the Matérn and power families of processes. Analytic results are derived for the de Wijs process, a member of both families and for the power models also.

Software in R is available. Examples of the code are given for fitting spatial models to the Fairfield Smith data. Other methods for the estimation of the covariance matrices are discussed and their pros and cons are outlined.     

A hybrid model for selection of an outsourcing provider

Outsourcing is a good strategy for firms that need to reduce operating costs and improve competitiveness and it is important that firms scientifically select appropriate outsourcing providers. Some efforts have been made to find systematic ways to deal with outsourcing problems, but these efforts incorrectly assumed that the criteria used in the decision process are independent, which is not true in the real world. In this study, we propose a new hybrid multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) model, which addresses the dependent relationships between the various criteria. The relations-structure among the criteria is built with the aid of the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method. Decision-makers tend to hold diverse opinions about their preferences due to incomplete information and knowledge, or inherent conflict between various departments. We further used the fuzzy preference programming and the analytic network process (ANP) to form a model for the selection of partners for outsourcing providers. The proposed model can help practitioners improve their decision making process, especially when criteria are numerous and inter-related. The method is demonstrated using data from a Taiwanese airline.     

基于语言评价信息的知识资本要素识别方法

知识资本是组织创造价值和获取竞争优势的关键资源, 其要素通常具有复杂的关联性, 如何识别知识资本的核心要素、原因要素和结果要素,对于组织进行知识资本管理具有重要意义.本文在构建了知识资本要素识别体系的基础上,借鉴决策试验和评价实验室报告的思想提出了一种基于语言评价信息的知识资本要素识别方法,通过处理和集结专家针对知识资本要素关联给出的语言评价信息,对知识资本要素进行排序与归类.最后通过一个实例分析说明了该方法的应用, 并说明了如何根据识别结果制定相应的策略以便进行知识资本的投资和控制.