现代分析仪器在高中化学教学中的应用*——以“防晒霜的防晒效果实验探究”为例

从高中化学原子、分子等抽象性的知识教学出发,以防晒霜的防晒效果实验探究为例,探讨了现代分析仪器在高中化学教学中的应用。通过利用现代分析仪器紫外可见分光光度计,结合紫外线变色球实验探究防晒霜的防晒效果,分析并认识防晒霜中化学防晒的机理。结果表明,防晒霜的厚度越大、SPF越高,防晒霜的防晒效果越好,并且防晒霜的防晒效果可以持续一段时间,但是不同类型的防晒产品存在一定差异。在化学教学中渗透现代分析仪器的应用,为学生进一步了解化学学科在改变学习方式、拓宽学科知识领域、推动自身全面与可持续发展方面打下坚实的基础。     

双激光脉冲打靶形成Gd等离子体的极紫外光谱辐射

高端芯片制造所需要的极紫外光刻技术位于我国当前面临35项"卡脖子"关键核心技术之首.高转换效率的极紫外光源是极紫外光刻系统的重要组成部分.本文通过采用双激光脉冲打靶技术实现较强的6.7 nm极紫外光输出.首先,理论计算Gd¹⁸⁺—Gd²⁷⁺离子最外层4d壳层的4p-4d和4d-4f能级之间跃迁、以及Gd¹⁴⁺—Gd¹⁷⁺离子最外层4f壳层的4d-4f能级之间跃迁对波长为6.7 nm附近极紫外光的贡献.其后开展实验研究,结果表明,随着双脉冲之间延时的逐渐增加,波长为6.7 nm附近的极紫外光辐射强度呈现先减弱、后增加、之后再减弱的变化趋势,在双脉冲延时为100 ns处产生的极紫外光辐射最强.并且,在延时为100 ns处产生的光谱效率最高,相比于单脉冲激光产生的光谱效率提升了33%.此外,发现双激光脉冲打靶技术可以有效地减弱等离子体的自吸收效应,获得的6.7 nm附近极紫外光谱宽度均小于单激光脉冲打靶的情形,且在脉冲延时为30 ns时刻所产生的光谱宽度最窄,约为单独主脉冲产生极紫外光谱宽度的1/3.同时...     

Yield enhancement of elliptical high harmonics driven by bicircular laser pulses

We theoretically investigate the yield enhancement of elliptical high harmonics in the interaction of molecules with bicircular laser pulses by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. It is shown that by adjusting the relative intensity ratio of the two bicircular field components in specific ranges the yield of the molecular high harmonics for the plateau and cutoff regions can be respectively enhanced. To analyze this enhancement phenomenon, we calculate the weights of the electron classical trajectories. Additionally, we also study the ellipticity distribution of harmonics for different intensity ratios. We find that these enhanced harmonics are elliptically polarized, which we mainly attribute to the recombination dipole moment of the major weighted trajectories. These enhanced elliptical extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray radiations may serve as essential tools for exploring the ultrafast dynamics in magnetic materials and chiral media.     

紫外辐照法合成环蕃醛

利用254 nm紫外光对[2.2]对环蕃氯仿溶液进行辐照,得到两种主要产物4-醛基-[2.2]-对环蕃和4,4'-(乙基-1,2-二取代)二苯甲醛,利用核磁共振波谱仪(NMR)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术手段对产物的结构进行分析研究。 同时对反应条件进行探究,发现当氯仿和水同时存在时才能生成醛基,并由此提出了提出了可能的反应机理:通过瑞默-提曼反应使CHCl₂·自由基加成到苯环上并进一步生成醛基。     

OCS经由F 31Π里德堡态生成CO(X1Σ+)+S(1D2)产物的波长相关性光解离

本文利用时间切片离子速度成像技术在134∽140 nm波段研究了OCS分子经由F 3¹Π里德堡态的真空紫外光解离动力学. 在选取的5个分别对应OCS(F 3¹Π, v₁=0∽4)的伸缩振动激发的光解波长，实验测得了来自CO(X¹Σ⁺)+S(¹D₂)产物通道的SS(¹D₂))实验影像，并获得了总平动能谱和CO(X¹Σ⁺, v)共生产物的振动布居及角分布. 结果分析表明OCS分子解离生成CO(X¹Σ⁺)+S(¹D₂)产物的过程经历了上态F 3¹Π 与C_?v和C_s构型的下电子态间非绝热耦合过程. 实验结果显示了很强的波长相关性：OCS (F 3¹Π, v₁)的较低转动激发态(v₁=0∽2)和较高转动激发态(v₁=3, 4)的CO(X¹Σ⁺)产物的振动布居和角分布具有显著差异，表明该解离过程中具有不同的解离机理. 本结果提供了振动耦合可能对真空紫外光解离动力学产生关键作用的相关证据.     

Rapid analysis of ultraviolet filters using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled to headspace gas chromatography and mass spectrometry

An ionic‐liquid‐based in situ dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method coupled to headspace gas chromatography and mass spectrometry was developed for the rapid analysis of ultraviolet filters. The chemical structures of five ionic liquids were specifically designed to incorporate various functional groups for the favorable extraction of the target analytes. Extraction parameters including ionic liquid mass, molar ratio of ionic liquid to metathesis reagent, vortex time, ionic strength, pH, and total sample volume were studied and optimized. The effect of the headspace temperature and volume during the headspace sampling step was also evaluated to increase the sensitivity of the method. The optimized procedure is fast as it only required ∼7–10 min per extraction and allowed for multiple extractions to be performed simultaneously. In addition, the method exhibited high precision, good linearity, and low limits of detection for six ultraviolet filters in aqueous samples. The developed method was applied to both pool and lake water samples attaining acceptable relative recovery values.     

超宽禁带半导体β-Ga_2O_3及深紫外透明电极、日盲探测器的研究进展

β-Ga_2O_3是一种新型的超宽禁带氧化物半导体,禁带宽度约为4.9 eV,对应日盲区,对波长大于253 nm的深紫外一可见光具有高的透过率,是天然的日盲紫外探测及深紫外透明电极材料.本文介绍了Ga_20_3材料的晶体结构、基本物性与器件应用,并综述了β-Ga_2O_3在深紫外透明导电电极和日盲紫外探测器中的最新研究进展.Sn掺杂的Ga_2O_3薄膜电导率可达到32.3 S/cm,透过率大于88%,但离商业化的透明导电电极还存在较大差距.在日盲紫外探测器应用方面,基于异质结结构的器件展现出更高的光响应度和更快的响应速度,ZnO/Ga_2O_3核/壳微米线的探测器综合性能最佳,在-6 V偏压下其对254 nm深紫外光的光响应度达1.3×10~3A/W,响应时间为20μs.     

微结构气体探测器中紫外激光束的信号和指向精度实验研究

在气体探测器研究中,利用266 nm紫外激光的双光子电离物理机制使气体电离产生可测量的信号,是一种重要的标定方法.随着微结构气体探测器(MPGD)的不断发展,用紫外激光标定来实现较高精度位置分辨率成为了一种研究需求,对此有两个关键技术问题需要解决:实验研究激光可测信号大小以及激光指向精度.分析和模拟计算了紫外光电离信号大小和激光调光误差,基于微结构气体电子倍增器探测器与266 nm波长激光束,在工作气体Ar/CO_2(70/30)中,测量了不同光斑面积与输出信号的关系;设计和研制了紫外激光调光系统,实验测量了紫外光调光偏差.模拟结果与实验结果对比分析表明:紫外激光束作用于气体探测器,探测器增益在5000,前放增益为10 mV/fC时, 6 mm读出条宽输出信号幅度约400 mV;在探测器内传播距离为400 mm时,较短时间内(10—20 min)实验调光指向精度可以保证小于5′,引入z向偏差最大可以达到0.33 mm,对应z向漂移速度的测量相对误差为6.4×10-4.该研究为MPGD与紫外激光标定实验设计提供主要的设计参考.     

2-甲基-2-丙烯-1-醇的光电离解离研究

利用可调谐真空紫外同步辐射和分子束实验装置在8.0～15.5 eV的光子能量范围内,研究2-甲基-2-内烯-1-醇的光电离解离.测出母体离子和碎片离子:C_4H_8O~+、C_4H_7O~+、C_3H_5O~+、C_4H_7~+、C_4H_6~+、C_4H_5~+、C_2H_4O~+、C_2H_3O~+、C_3H_6~+、C_3H_5~+、C_3H_3~+、CH_3O~+和CHO~+的光电离效率曲线,并获得母体分子的电离能和碎片离子的实验出现势.在B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p)理论水平上,计算光电离过程中母体分子、过渡态和中间体的稳定结构.采用CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ耦合簇方法计算零点能,得到母体电离能和碎片离子的出现势.通过实验和理论研究,提出2-甲基-2-丙烯-1-醇的光解离路径,分子内氢转移是其中大部分解离途径中的主要过程.     

Micro-pinch formation and extreme ultraviolet emission of laser-induced discharge plasma

Extreme ultraviolet(EUV) source produced by laser-induced discharge plasma(LDP) is a potential technical means in inspection and metrology. A pulsed Nd:YAG laser is focused on a tin plate to produce an initial plasma thereby triggering a discharge between high-voltage electrodes in a vacuum system. The process of micro-pinch formation during the current rising is recorded by a time-resolved intensified charge couple device camera. The evolution of electron temperature and density of LDP are obtained by optical emission spectrometry. An extreme ultraviolet spectrometer is built up to investigate the EUV spectrum of Sn LDP at 13.5 nm. The laser and discharge parameters such as laser energy, voltage, gap distance,and anode shape can influence the EUV emission.