The behavior of capillary suspensions at diverse length scales: From single capillary bridges to bulk

Liquid-liquid-solid systems are becoming increasingly common in everyday life with many possible applications. Here, we focus on a special case of such liquid-liquid-solid systems, namely, capillary suspensions. These capillary suspensions originate from particles that form a network based on capillary forces and are typically composed of solids in a bulk liquid with an added secondary liquid. The structure of particle networks based on capillary bridges possesses unique properties compared with networks formed via other attractive interactions where these differences are inherently related to the properties of the capillary bridges, such as bridge breaking and coalescence between adjacent bridges. Thus, to tailor the mechanical properties of capillary suspensions to specific requirements, it is important to understand the influences on different length scales ranging from the dynamics of the bridges with varying external stimuli to the often heterogeneous network structure.     

Information percolation and cutoff for the random‐cluster model

We consider the random‐cluster model (RCM) on with parameters p∈(0,1) and q ≥ 1. This is a generalization of the standard bond percolation (with edges open independently with probability p) which is biased by a factor q raised to the number of connected components. We study the well‐known Fortuin‐Kasteleyn (FK)‐dynamics on this model where the update at an edge depends on the global geometry of the system unlike the Glauber heat‐bath dynamics for spin systems, and prove that for all small enough p (depending on the dimension) and any q>1, the FK‐dynamics exhibits the cutoff phenomenon at with a window size , where λ_∞ is the large n limit of the spectral gap of the process. Our proof extends the information percolation framework of Lubetzky and Sly to the RCM and also relies on the arguments of Blanca and Sinclair who proved a sharp mixing time bound for the planar version. A key aspect of our proof is the analysis of the effect of a sequence of dependent (across time) Bernoulli percolations extracted from the graphical construction of the dynamics, on how information propagates.     

Free radical oxidation reaction for selectively solvatochromic sensors with dynamic sensing ability

A novel BODIPY (boradiazaindacene) dye denoted as BODIPY-DT containing terpyridine unit has been designed and characterized. The dye is found to be selective and visual solvatochromic sensor toward DMF among test organic solvents. The sensing process displays time-controllable, dynamic signal outputs in the emission colors including red, purple, yellow and even white emission colors. It is presented that selective free radical oxidation reaction happens during the recognition process.     

Price coordination in distribution channels: A dynamic perspective

In this study, we investigate two important questions related to dynamic pricing in distribution channels: (i) Are coordinated pricing decisions efficient in a context where prices have carry-over effects on demand? (ii) Should firms practice a skimming or a penetration strategy if they choose to coordinate or to decentralize their activities? To answer these questions, we consider a differential game that takes place in a bilateral monopoly where the past retail prices paid by consumers contribute to the building of a reference price. The latter is used by consumers as a benchmark to evaluate the value of the product, and by firms to decide whether to adopt a skimming or a penetration strategy.     

Numerical investigations of the vortex interactions for a flow over a pitching foil at different stages

The fluid–structure interaction is investigated numerically for a two-dimensional flow (Re=2.5·10⁶) over a sinusoid-pitching foil by the SST (Shear Stress Transport) k–ω model. Although discrepancies in the downstroke phase, which are also documented in other numerical studies, are observed by comparing with experimental results, our current numerical results are sufficient to predict the mean features and qualitative tendencies of the dynamic stall phenomenon. These discrepancies are evaluated carefully from the numerical and experimental viewpoints.In this study, we have utilized Λ, which is the normalized second invariant of the velocity gradient tensor, to present the evolution of the Leading Edge Vortex (LEV) and Trailing Edge Vortex (TEV). The convective, pressure, and diffusion terms during the dynamic stall process are discussed based on the transport equation of Λ. It is found that the pressure term dominates the rate of the change of the rotation strength inside the LEV. This trend can hardly be observed directly by using the vorticity transport equation due to the zero baroclinic term for the incompressible flow.The mechanisms to delay the stall are categorized based on the formation of the LEV. At the first stage before the formation of the LEV in the upper surface, the pitching foil provides extra momentum into the fluid flows to resist the flow separation, and hence the stall is delayed. At the second stage, a low-pressure area travels with the evolution of the LEV such that the lift still can be maintained. Three short periods at the second stage corresponds to different flow patterns during the dynamic stall, and these short periods can be distinguished according to the trend of the pressure variation inside the LEV. The lift stall occurs when a reverse flow from the lower surface is triggered during the shedding of the LEV. For a reduced frequency k_f=0.15, the formation of the TEV happens right after the lift stall, and the lift can drop dramatically. With a faster reduced frequency k_f=0.25, the shedding of the LEV is postponed into the downstroke, and the interaction between the LEV and TEV becomes weaker correspondingly. Thus, the lift drops more gently after the stall. In order to acquire more reliable numerical results within the downstroke phase, the Large Eddy Simulation (LES), which is capable of better predictions for the laminar-to-turbulent transition and flow reattachment process, will be considered as the future work.     

基于高光谱成像技术的滩羊肉新鲜度快速检测研究

滩羊肉的新鲜度是其品质安全的一个重要衡量指标，也是肉品品质安全控制的关键环节。挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）是表征肉品腐败过程主要的化学信息，能有效地评价出滩羊肉的新鲜度。然而，TVB-N的传统检测过程繁琐且人为影响因素大，检测结果缺乏客观性和一致性，不能满足当今肉品检测过程无损、快速、高效的需求。高光谱成像技术符合现代检测技术向多源信息融合方向发展的需求，已在食品安全领域得到广泛应用。利用可见/近红外高光谱成像技术（400~1 000 nm）结合动力学和化学计量学方法以及计算机编程技术，将同时实现滩羊肉贮存期内（15 ℃环境）TVB-N 浓度的快速检测和贮藏期的预测。研究中提取每个样品感兴趣区域的平均光谱数据，选用蒙特卡洛算法剔除异常样本。采用X-Y共生距离（SPXY）法划分为校正集和预测集，分别选用多元散射校正（multiplicative scatter correction, MSC）、卷积平滑（savitzky-golay, SG）、标准变量变换（standard normalized variate, SNV）、归一化（normalization）、基线校准（baseline）五种方法对原始光谱数据进行预处理，优选出最佳预处理方法。采用竞争性自适应重加权法（campetitive adaptive reweighted sampling, CARS）和连续投影算法（successive projections algorithm, SPA）分别提取了21个和6个特征波长。为优化模型并提高其模型精度，采用SPA算法对 CARS 所选特征波长进行二次提取，优选出14个特征波长。基于所提取的特征波长建立TVB-N浓度的PLSR模型，优选出 SNV-CARS-SPA-PLSR 模型具有较高的预测能力（R2_c=0.88，RMSEC=2.51, R2_p=0.65, RMSEP=2.11）。同时，建立了滩羊肉TVB-N变化与贮藏时间的动力学模型，并将优化后的光谱模型和动力学反应模型相结合建立了滩羊肉光谱吸光度值与贮藏时间的高光谱动力学模型，实现对贮藏时间的预测，并通过 PLS-DA判别模型对滩羊肉贮藏时间进行判别分析（校正集判别准确率为100%，预测集为97%）。研究表明，利用可见/近红外高光谱成像技术结合动力学和化学计量学方法以及计算机编程技术，可以有效地实现滩羊肉品质智能监控与质量安全快速无损分析，为开发实时在线检测装备提供理论参考。     

Effect of Bamboo Flour (BF) Content on the Dynamic Rheological Characteristics of BF-filled High-density Polyethylene (HDPE)

The effects of bamboo flour (BF) content on the dynamic rheological properties of BF-filled HDPE composites were investigated. Our findings showed that the addition of BF caused an enhancement of the non-Newtonianism of wood-plastic composites (WPCs) melt as well as the appearance of some new relaxation processes. In addition, the viscosity and modulus of the BF-filled HDPE composites showed a remarkable increase at 170?°C and 190?°C when the BF content exceeded 30%, which could be associated with the solid-like property of the WPCs at high BF loading, we propose. The present study we suggest will be useful to the formula design as well as the optimization of processing parameters for WPCs in general.     

基于红外光谱聚类分析的纳滤膜污染动态发展行为研究

污水再生利用是解决水资源短缺问题的有效对策。纳滤技术由于能够生产高质量的再生水，成为污水深度处理、再生利用的有效方法之一。然而，在纳滤过程中存在复杂的、动态的膜污染现象，会导致产水通量、产水质量下降等问题。研究膜污染动态发展的行为，对于膜污染的分阶段针对性控制具有重要意义。有机物是污染层动态发展过程的重要指示性成分，红外光谱是表征污染层发展过程中表面有机物官能团变化情况的重要手段。但由于红外光谱中峰的数量多，系列样品之间峰强度的差别较小（尤其是当膜污染过程中的采样间隔较小时），利用直观观察不易甄别不同样品间的谱图差异及其变化趋势，在此水平上难以对膜污染阶段进行准确识别、对各阶段特征进行有说服力的分类概括。为探索膜污染的动态发展过程，本研究将傅里叶变换红外光谱与统计学聚类分析相结合，对膜污染过程中不同时间点的膜样本进行红外光谱分析，再对红外光谱数据进行一系列预处理和系统聚类分析，从而客观解读膜污染动态发展过程中系列样品红外光谱分阶段变化规律。考虑到类别间距离度量方法、红外吸收峰强度标准化、峰之间自相关性、峰与样本之间交互作用等因素的影响，研究采用对应分析对红外数据进行预处理，提取各样本在主要维度上的得分，随后基于标准化欧式距离对各样本进行聚类。在为期一个月的城市污水深度处理纳滤试验过程中，由于污染物在膜表面累积，纳滤膜发生了较为严重的污染。通过对13个不同时间点的膜样本进行红外光谱聚类发现，膜污染可清晰划分为如下阶段：空白膜、阶段Ⅰ（3 h～8 d）、阶段Ⅱ（10～15 d）和阶段Ⅲ（20～30 d）。采用红外聚类，得到膜表面X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和三磷酸腺苷（ATP）含量分析等方法的交互验证。结果表明，随着膜污染的发展，膜表面有机物成分与共存微生物量发生协同变化，各阶段大致特征为：阶段Ⅰ各类有机污染物初步覆盖，微生物开始富集；阶段Ⅱ多糖类污染物比例上升，微生物的富集趋于稳定；阶段Ⅲ整体污染趋于成熟，有机污染物氢键特征更加明显。该研究通过对红外数据进行聚类分析，能够灵敏地探测各红外图谱之间的差别，有助于对红外光谱规律的深度挖掘，为膜污染阶段的识别和划分提供了一种客观、自动、可量化的辅助性方法，并且有助于归纳出不同阶段的污染层特征，可作为膜污染时序特征的侦查手段。此外，除了膜污染的研究，在材料、吸附等领域，只要有一系列变化的红外光谱，均可尝试采用红外光谱聚类分析方法，获取基于红外特征的定类信息或分阶段规律。