首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   42781篇
  免费   3960篇
  国内免费   5273篇
化学   25615篇
晶体学   1123篇
力学   1372篇
综合类   249篇
数学   10079篇
物理学   13576篇
  2023年   401篇
  2022年   712篇
  2021年   1284篇
  2020年   1264篇
  2019年   1214篇
  2018年   894篇
  2017年   1192篇
  2016年   1449篇
  2015年   1293篇
  2014年   1883篇
  2013年   3295篇
  2012年   2441篇
  2011年   2757篇
  2010年   2318篇
  2009年   2850篇
  2008年   2890篇
  2007年   3138篇
  2006年   2449篇
  2005年   1676篇
  2004年   1447篇
  2003年   1528篇
  2002年   1381篇
  2001年   1288篇
  2000年   960篇
  1999年   772篇
  1998年   752篇
  1997年   610篇
  1996年   629篇
  1995年   562篇
  1994年   569篇
  1993年   546篇
  1992年   468篇
  1991年   303篇
  1990年   249篇
  1989年   183篇
  1988年   202篇
  1987年   214篇
  1986年   225篇
  1985年   332篇
  1984年   240篇
  1983年   154篇
  1982年   299篇
  1981年   472篇
  1980年   432篇
  1979年   472篇
  1978年   374篇
  1977年   282篇
  1976年   242篇
  1974年   76篇
  1973年   155篇
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
为探究水牛角的结构性能关系,基于上海同步辐射光源搭建了高分辨原位CT系统,对水牛角角鞘进行初始表征和准静态压缩下的实时表征,并通过Top-Hat方法提取了角鞘内孔洞三维形貌。结果显示,水牛角角鞘孔隙率在1%左右,椭圆柱状孔洞沿牛角生长方向排列成线,首尾相连却并未连通,均匀分布在波浪状片层之间。孔洞特征椭球的轴长分布满足对数正态分布,长轴和短轴的长度均值分别为7μm和3μm。原位CT结果表明,角鞘在屈服之后,初始孔洞首先扩张而形成微裂纹,随后微裂纹沿着片层界面由外向内发生桥接,片层发生局部屈曲和层间开裂,形成宏观裂纹,导致角鞘内裂纹密度急剧上升。片层之间不仅存在大量纤维黏接(提高了层间拉伸/剪切强度),而且孔洞互不连通,这些因素抑制了层间裂纹的快速传播,使得各处裂纹只能独立缓慢发展而无法贯通样品。波浪状片层使裂纹传播路径更加曲折,层间屈曲增加了片层摩擦耗能。这些机制使得牛角表现出加工硬化,也是牛角在纵向方向呈现优良韧性的主要原因。  相似文献   
2.
When applying a diagnostic technique to complex systems, whose dynamics, constraints, and environment evolve over time, being able to re-evaluate the residuals that are capable of detecting defaults and proposing the most appropriate ones can quickly prove to make sense. For this purpose, the concept of adaptive diagnosis is introduced. In this work, the contributions of information theory are investigated in order to propose a Fault-Tolerant multi-sensor data fusion framework. This work is part of studies proposing an architecture combining a stochastic filter for state estimation with a diagnostic layer with the aim of proposing a safe and accurate state estimation from potentially inconsistent or erroneous sensors measurements. From the design of the residuals, using α-Rényi Divergence (α-RD), to the optimization of the decision threshold, through the establishment of a function that is dedicated to the choice of α at each moment, we detail each step of the proposed automated decision-support framework. We also dwell on: (1) the consequences of the degree of freedom provided by this α parameter and on (2) the application-dictated policy to design the α tuning function playing on the overall performance of the system (detection rate, false alarms, and missed detection rates). Finally, we present a real application case on which this framework has been tested. The problem of multi-sensor localization, integrating sensors whose operating range is variable according to the environment crossed, is a case study to illustrate the contributions of such an approach and show the performance.  相似文献   
3.
We generalize the Jensen-Shannon divergence and the Jensen-Shannon diversity index by considering a variational definition with respect to a generic mean, thereby extending the notion of Sibson’s information radius. The variational definition applies to any arbitrary distance and yields a new way to define a Jensen-Shannon symmetrization of distances. When the variational optimization is further constrained to belong to prescribed families of probability measures, we get relative Jensen-Shannon divergences and their equivalent Jensen-Shannon symmetrizations of distances that generalize the concept of information projections. Finally, we touch upon applications of these variational Jensen-Shannon divergences and diversity indices to clustering and quantization tasks of probability measures, including statistical mixtures.  相似文献   
4.
In this article, a way to employ the diffusion approximation to model interplay between TCP and UDP flows is presented. In order to control traffic congestion, an environment of IP routers applying AQM (Active Queue Management) algorithms has been introduced. Furthermore, the impact of the fractional controller PIγ and its parameters on the transport protocols is investigated. The controller has been elaborated in accordance with the control theory. The TCP and UDP flows are transmitted simultaneously and are mutually independent. Only the TCP is controlled by the AQM algorithm. Our diffusion model allows a single TCP or UDP flow to start or end at any time, which distinguishes it from those previously described in the literature.  相似文献   
5.
We address the problem of telegraphic transport in several dimensions. We review the derivation of two and three dimensional telegrapher’s equations—as well as their fractional generalizations—from microscopic random walk models for transport (normal and anomalous). We also present new results on solutions of the higher dimensional fractional equations.  相似文献   
6.
A mean-field type model with random growth and reset terms is considered. The stationary distributions resulting from the corresponding master equation are relatively easy to obtain; however, for practical applications one also needs to know the convergence to stationarity. The present work contributes to this direction, studying the transient dynamics in the discrete version of the model by two different approaches. The first method is based on mathematical induction by the recursive integration of the coupled differential equations for the discrete states. The second method transforms the coupled ordinary differential equation system into a partial differential equation for the generating function. We derive analytical results for some important, practically interesting cases and discuss the obtained results for the transient dynamics.  相似文献   
7.
A new boron nitride polymorph, P213 BN (space group: P213), is investigated by first-principles calculations, including its structural properties, stability, elastic properties, anisotropy and electronic properties. It is found that the new boron nitride polymorph P213 BN is mechanically, dynamically and thermodynamically stable. The bulk modulus (B), shear modulus (G) and Young's modulus of P213 BN are 91 GPa, 41 GPa and 107 GPa, respectively, all of which are larger than that of Y carbon and TY carbon. By comparing with c-BN, the Young's modulus, shear modulus and Poisson's ratio of P213 BN show tiny anisotropy in the (001), (010), (100) and (111) planes. At the same time, in contrast with most boron nitride polymorphs, P213 BN is a semiconductor material with a smaller band gap of 1.826 eV. The Debye temperature and the anisotropic sound velocities of P213 BN are also investigated in this work.  相似文献   
8.
From the recent market trend, there is a huge demand for the bioactive compounds from various food matrices that could be capable enough to combat the emerging health effects in day-to-day life. Fenugreek is a well-known spice from ancient times for its medicinal and health benefits. In the present study, two methods of green extraction microwave (MAE) and ultrasound (UAE) assisted were studied in regard of extraction of fenugreek diosgenin. In this study, solvent type (acetone, ethanol, hexane and petroleum ether), solvent concentration (40, 60, 80 and 100%) and treatment time (1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 min and 30, 40, 50 and 60 min for MAE and UAE method respectively) was varied to observe the effect of these parameters over extract yield and diosgenin content. The results of this study revealed that treatment time, type of solvent and its concentration and method adopted for extraction of diosgenin has significant effect. In relation with better yield extract and diosgenin content, the yield of fenugreek seed extract was 7.83% with MAE and 21.48% with UAE of fenugreek seed powder at 80% ethanol concentration at 6 and 60 min respectively. The content of diosgenin was observed in fenugreek seed powder extract was 35.50 mg/100 g in MAE and 40.37 mg/100 g in UAE with 80% ethanol concentration at 6 and 60 min respectively. The overall range of yield of fenugreek extract was varied from 1.04% to 32.48% and diosgenin content was 15.82 mg/100 g to 40.37 mg/100 g of fenugreek seed powder including both extraction methods. This study revealed that UAE would impose better ways for preparing fenugreek extract and observing diosgenin content from fenugreek seeds.  相似文献   
9.
There is a need to understand the ultrasound-induced changes in the interactions between proteins and phenolic compounds at different pH. This study systematically explored the role of high-intensity ultrasound pre-treatment on the binding mechanisms of β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) to two common phenolic compounds, i.e., (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and chlorogenic acid (CA) at neutral and acidic pH (pH 7.2 and 2.4). Tryptophan fluorescence revealed that compared to proteins sonicated at 20% and 50% amplitudes, 35%-amplitude ultrasound pre-treatment (ULG-35) strengthened the binding affinities of EGCG/CA to β-LG without altering the main interaction force. After phenolic addition, ULG-35 displayed a similar but a greater extent of protein secondary and tertiary structural changes than the native protein, ascribed to the ultrasound-driven hydrophobic stacking among interacted molecules. The dominant form of β-LG (dimer/monomer) played a crucial role in the conformational and interfacial properties of complexes, which can be explained by the distinct binding sites at different pH as unveiled by molecular docking. Combining pre-ultrasound with EGCG interaction notably increased the foaming and emulsifying properties of β-LG, providing a feasible way for the modification of bovine whey proteins. These results shed light on the understanding of protein–phenolic non-covalent binding under ultrasound and help to develop complex systems with desired functionality and delivery.  相似文献   
10.
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号