首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   105202篇
  免费   9139篇
  国内免费   16900篇
化学   88412篇
晶体学   2062篇
力学   2580篇
综合类   723篇
数学   12042篇
物理学   25422篇
  2023年   1519篇
  2022年   1862篇
  2021年   2900篇
  2020年   3687篇
  2019年   3495篇
  2018年   2764篇
  2017年   3377篇
  2016年   3500篇
  2015年   3191篇
  2014年   4467篇
  2013年   8354篇
  2012年   6278篇
  2011年   6608篇
  2010年   5553篇
  2009年   7088篇
  2008年   6980篇
  2007年   7354篇
  2006年   6513篇
  2005年   5388篇
  2004年   5197篇
  2003年   4519篇
  2002年   3779篇
  2001年   3219篇
  2000年   2659篇
  1999年   2118篇
  1998年   1925篇
  1997年   1695篇
  1996年   1636篇
  1995年   1657篇
  1994年   1516篇
  1993年   1337篇
  1992年   1219篇
  1991年   841篇
  1990年   651篇
  1989年   540篇
  1988年   496篇
  1987年   418篇
  1986年   377篇
  1985年   467篇
  1984年   356篇
  1983年   188篇
  1982年   388篇
  1981年   578篇
  1980年   508篇
  1979年   525篇
  1978年   420篇
  1977年   318篇
  1976年   274篇
  1974年   93篇
  1973年   183篇
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
When applying a diagnostic technique to complex systems, whose dynamics, constraints, and environment evolve over time, being able to re-evaluate the residuals that are capable of detecting defaults and proposing the most appropriate ones can quickly prove to make sense. For this purpose, the concept of adaptive diagnosis is introduced. In this work, the contributions of information theory are investigated in order to propose a Fault-Tolerant multi-sensor data fusion framework. This work is part of studies proposing an architecture combining a stochastic filter for state estimation with a diagnostic layer with the aim of proposing a safe and accurate state estimation from potentially inconsistent or erroneous sensors measurements. From the design of the residuals, using α-Rényi Divergence (α-RD), to the optimization of the decision threshold, through the establishment of a function that is dedicated to the choice of α at each moment, we detail each step of the proposed automated decision-support framework. We also dwell on: (1) the consequences of the degree of freedom provided by this α parameter and on (2) the application-dictated policy to design the α tuning function playing on the overall performance of the system (detection rate, false alarms, and missed detection rates). Finally, we present a real application case on which this framework has been tested. The problem of multi-sensor localization, integrating sensors whose operating range is variable according to the environment crossed, is a case study to illustrate the contributions of such an approach and show the performance.  相似文献   
2.
We generalize the Jensen-Shannon divergence and the Jensen-Shannon diversity index by considering a variational definition with respect to a generic mean, thereby extending the notion of Sibson’s information radius. The variational definition applies to any arbitrary distance and yields a new way to define a Jensen-Shannon symmetrization of distances. When the variational optimization is further constrained to belong to prescribed families of probability measures, we get relative Jensen-Shannon divergences and their equivalent Jensen-Shannon symmetrizations of distances that generalize the concept of information projections. Finally, we touch upon applications of these variational Jensen-Shannon divergences and diversity indices to clustering and quantization tasks of probability measures, including statistical mixtures.  相似文献   
3.
In this article, a way to employ the diffusion approximation to model interplay between TCP and UDP flows is presented. In order to control traffic congestion, an environment of IP routers applying AQM (Active Queue Management) algorithms has been introduced. Furthermore, the impact of the fractional controller PIγ and its parameters on the transport protocols is investigated. The controller has been elaborated in accordance with the control theory. The TCP and UDP flows are transmitted simultaneously and are mutually independent. Only the TCP is controlled by the AQM algorithm. Our diffusion model allows a single TCP or UDP flow to start or end at any time, which distinguishes it from those previously described in the literature.  相似文献   
4.
We address the problem of telegraphic transport in several dimensions. We review the derivation of two and three dimensional telegrapher’s equations—as well as their fractional generalizations—from microscopic random walk models for transport (normal and anomalous). We also present new results on solutions of the higher dimensional fractional equations.  相似文献   
5.
Ultrasound is an essential technique to improve organic synthesis from the point of view of green chemistry, as it can promote better yields and selectivities, in addition to shorter reaction times when compared to the conventional methods. Heterogeneous catalysis is another pillar of sustainable chemistry being the recycling and reuse of the catalysts one of its great advantage. In the other hand, multicomponent reactions provide the synthesis of structurally diverse compounds, in a one-pot fashion, without isolation and purification of intermediates. Thus, the combination of these protocols has proved to be a powerful tool to obtain biologically active organic compounds with lower costs, time and energy consumption. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of advances on methods of organic synthesis that have been reported over the past ten years with focus on ultrasound-assisted multicomponent reactions under heterogeneous catalysis. In particular, we present pharmacologically important N- and O-heterocyclic compounds, considering their synthetic methods using green solvents, and catalyst recycling.  相似文献   
6.
本文研究了以超临界CO2布雷登循环为原动机的热电联供系统,对系统主要运行参数进行了分析,得到运行参数对于系统热力学性能和经济性能的影响规律。同时,以一次能源利用率和单位输出成本作为目标函数,采用多目标遗传算法对系统进行了优化;在优化结果的基础上,通过TOPSIS法决策出最优解,并与单目标最优解进行对比。结果表明,透平进口温度、透平进口压力和压缩机进口温度的增大有利于系统效率的提高;作为代价,成本也相应增加。在热电比0~4范围内,尽可能增大热电比能够最大程度上降低系统的单位输出成本,提高能源的利用率。  相似文献   
7.
本文采用第一性原理方法,在100 GPa的压力范围内,计算了GeO_2理想晶体和含锗、氧空位点缺陷晶体的光学性质.吸收谱数据表明,压力诱导的三个结构相变对GeO_2晶体的吸收谱均有影响:第一个相变将导致其吸收边蓝移,而第二和第三相变将使得其吸收边红移.锗和氧空位点缺陷的存在将导致GeO_2的吸收边红移,但氧空位点缺陷引起的红移更明显.尽管如此,分析发现,在100 GPa的压力范围内,压力、相变以及空位点缺陷等因素都不会导致GeO_2晶体在可见光区出现光吸收现象(是透明的).波长在532 nm处的折射率数据显示,在GeO_2的四个相区,其折射率均随压力增加而降低;而且,GeO_2的三个结构相变以及锗、氧空位点缺陷都会导致其折射率有所增大.本文预测,GeO_2有成为冲击光学窗口材料的可能.  相似文献   
8.
三氧化二铋(Bi2O3)是氧离子导电体,为了获得它的原子热振动各向同性温度因子,对该粉末晶体进行X射线衍射实验,建立了晶体结构模型,利用Rietveld 精修方法的RIETAN-2000 程序对所得实验结果进行了晶体结构精修,通过最大熵方法(MEM)解析得到了粉末晶体的等高电子密度分布三维(3D) 和二维(2D)可视化图谱。结果表明,各原子Bi(1)、Bi(2)、O(1)、O(2)和O(3)的原子热振动各向同性温度因子分别为0.004 938 nm2、0.004 174 nm2、0.007 344 nm2、0.007 462 nm2、和0.007 857 nm2,等高电子密度分布的可视化,进一步验证了晶体结构模型和原子位置的准确性,这些参数对研究晶体材料的热性质具有一定参考意义。  相似文献   
9.
The effects of air sparging (0–16 L min−1) and mechanical mixing (0–400 rpm) on enhancing the sonochemical degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) was investigated using a 28 kHz sonoreactor. The degradation of RhB followed pseudo first-order kinetics, where sparging or mixing induced a large sonochemical enhancement. The kinetic constant varied in three stages (gradually increased → increased exponentially → decreased slightly) as the rate of sparging or mixing increased, where the stages were similar for both processes. The highest sonochemical activity was obtained with sparging at 8 L min−1 or mixing at 200 rpm, where the standing wave field was significantly deformed by sparging and mixing, respectively. The cavitational oxidation activity was concentrated at the bottom of the sonicator when higher sparging or mixing rates were employed. Therefore, the large enhancement in the sonochemical oxidation was attributed mainly to the direct disturbance of the ultrasound transmission and the resulting change in the cavitation-active zone in this study. The effect of the position of air sparging and mixing was investigated. The indirect inhibition of the ultrasound transmission resulted in less enhancement of the sonochemical activity. Moreover, the effect of various sparging gases including air, N2, O2, Ar, CO2, and an Ar/O2 (8:2) mixture was compared, where all gases except CO2 induced an enhancement in the sonochemical activity, irrespective of the concentration of dissolved oxygen. The highest activity was obtained with the Ar/O2 (8:2) mixture. Therefore, it was revealed that the sonochemical oxidation activity could be further enhanced by applying gas sparging using the optimal gas.  相似文献   
10.
HL-2M 装置供电系统研制   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为满足 HL-2M 装置的供电需求,须配套建设相应的供电系统。通过仿真计算 HL-2M 装置的总体供 电需求,考虑到 HL-2A 装置现有的供电系统设备,提出了兼顾 HL-2A 和 HL-2M 装置供电需求的总体配置方案。介绍了国内首台 300MVA 立式交流脉冲发电机组、磁体电源、高压电源和电源控制系统的研制情况。  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号