Observation of upconversion fluorescence and stimulated emission based on three-photon absorption

The observations of three-photon-induced frequency-upconversion fluorescence and the highly directional stimulated visible emission in two dyes, 4-[p-(dicyanoethylamino) styryl]-N-methylpyridinium iodide (abbreviated as CEASP) and the complex of CEASP and Ce(NO₃) (abbreviated as CEASP-Ce), are reported. The photographs of the forward amplified spontaneous emissions spots, pumped by an optical parametric oscillator idler with a pulse width of 8 ns and a wavelength of 1.3 μ m, are shown. The upconversion fluorescence produced both in dimethyl formamide solution and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) polymer spans from green to red, with a cubic dependence on the pump light intensity. The experimental results imply that the existence of the lanthanide ion Ce^{3 +} sensitizes the nonlinear absorption and emission.     

3D photon counting imaging at 1550 nm with 1.5-GHz sine-wave-gated InGaAs/InP GAPD

We demonstrated a 3D laser imaging system at 1550 nm with a 1.5-GHz sine-wave gated Geiger-mode InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiode (APD). An optical fiber bundle with 100 individual fiber outputs was implemented at the focal plane of the telescope, providing a 2.5-mrad imaging view. The system used single-pixel near-infrared single-photon detector to measure photons at fiber outputs instead of a photon counting array. The 1.5-GHz gated Geiger-mode InGaAs/InP APD with a timing jitter of 290 ps was operated in quasi-continuous mode with detection efficiency of ∼4.3%. We achieved higher than 6-cm surface-to-surface resolution at single-photon level, showing a potential of low-energy and eye-safe laser imaging system for long-distance measurements.     

Preparation and surface modification of silicon nanowires under normal conditions

Preparation and surface modification of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) grown by the metal catalyzed solution method under normal conditions (room temperature, 1 atm) had been studied in this paper. Firstly, SiNWs using a simple solution method via electroless metal deposition (EMD) of silver under room temperature, standard pressure had been prepared. The influence of the growth parameters such as solution concentration, etching time on the SiNWs formation had been studied. Secondly, the surface modification of SiNWs with platinum and copper had been investigated. The results indicated that the SiNWs modified with Pt and Cu showed different surface morphologies. Pt modification on SiNWs presented in the form of nanoparticles, whereas Cu modification in the form of membrane. Therefore, the Pt modified SiNWs have more vast surface-to-bulk ratio than the unmodified ones, and SiNWs modified with copper nanoparticles will lead to the smaller surface-to-bulk ratio. So the platinum-modified SiNWs have a promising application in sensors’ field.     

Equality constrained least squares problem over quaternion field

By using complex representation and GSVD of quaternion matrices, we define the norm of quaternion matrices, study the equality constrained least squares problem of quaternion matrices, give the necessary and sufficient conditions for the quaternion equality constrained least squares problem to have solutions, and finally derive a practical algorithm.     

Integrability of an extended （2＋1）-dimensional shallow water wave equation with Bell polynomials

We investigate the extended (2+1)-dimensional shallow water wave equation. The binary Bell polynomials are used to construct bilinear equation, bilinear Bcklund transformation, Lax pair, and Darboux covariant Lax pair for this equation. Moreover, the infinite conservation laws of this equation are found by using its Lax pair. All conserved densities and fluxes are given with explicit recursion formulas. The N-soliton solutions are also presented by means of the Hirota bilinear method.     

固体材料反斯托克斯荧光制冷的理论研究及其最新进展

本文首先回顾了反斯托克斯荧光制冷的历史发展,简单讨论了激光制冷的循环过程及其制冷条件;其次,概述了反斯托克斯Raman散射、反斯托克斯荧光制冷的热力学理论和热力学限制,重点介绍了适用于各种制冷材料(如稀土离子掺杂玻璃、半导体和晶体等)反斯托克斯荧光制冷研究的理论模型,并简单讨论了激光制冷实验中各种测量温度变化的实验方法及其基本原理。最后,就反斯托克斯荧光制冷的一种最新应用及其前景进行了简单介绍与展望。     

Investigation of phase changes in Ge1Sb4Te7 films by single ultra-fast laser pulses

The phase transformations induced in a Ge₁Sb₄Te₇ system by a femtosecond (fs) laser exposure were investigated. The system has a multilayer structure of 15 nm ZnS–SiO₂/80 nm Ge₁Sb₄Te₇/100 nm ZnS–SiO₂/0.6 mm polycarbonate substrate. The morphology and contrast of marks formed in both amorphous and crystalline backgrounds by single fs pulses were characterized using an optical microscope. X-ray diffraction was applied to identify the crystal structures formed by single fs shots. Phase-reversible transformations in the system have been achieved through careful adjustment of the laser fluence. The mechanism of reversibility triggered by fs laser pulses is discussed. The feasibility of phase-change reversible optical recording with the active Ge₁Sb₄Te₇ layer using single fs pulses with a duration of 400 fs within well-defined fluence and pulse energy windows is therefore demonstrated. Our work also demonstrates that it is possible to record and retrieve data rapidly in the Ge₁Sb₄Te₇ film within a conventional optical disk structure using non-amplified laser systems as laser sources. PACS 78.47.+p; 61.80.Ba; 47.20.Hw; 81.40.Ef     

Study on temperature & EMF co-effects on insulin conformation and biological functions by fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy

Our previous studies had suggested that the intercellular signal molecule might be an important target of electromagnetic fields. Insulin, an intercellule signal molecule, plays a critical role in transferring life information. The studies on effects of pulsed electric fields (PEF) on insulin molecule are meaningful for explaining the mechanism of biological effects of electromagnetic fields. The PEF, which we used, with its highest electric field (2 x 10(6) V x m(-1)) coupled into the insulin buffer, was about 1 V x cm(-1) cm, with a repeating frequency of 50 Hz. In the present study, the changes of insulin conformation induced by PEF were studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. Insulin solution was exposed to 50 Hz PEF with different electric field intensities for 5-35 min, which caused a time-and dose-dependent decrease in fluorescence intensities of insulin. Further, insulin solution was exposed to PEF at different temperatures to investigate the effects of PEF co-operated with temperature on insulin. The results indicated that the difference in temperature (about 5 degrees C) could induce conflict results, which is due to the effects of PEF co-operated with temperature rather than only to the effect of temperature. The authors calculated that the increase in temperature induced by PEF was 0.07 degrees C (less than 0.1 degrees C). So the effects of PEF were scarcely explained by thermal effects, it belongs to "non-thermal effects" of electric fields. So it was concluded that temperature is a considerably important factor in "non-thermal effects" of electric fields, and the ignorance of variety of temperature probably result in the contrary conclusion. Further, Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate the details of structure of insulin treated by PEF co-operated with temperature. The results of Raman spectroscopy verified the effects of PEF co-operated with temperature on insulin. And the reductions of the S-S band intensity at 510 cm(-1), the skeletal C-C stretch band intensity at 934 cm(-1), and the content of the secondary structure of the alpha helix were observed. Both S--S linkages and alpha helix structure were important to the stabilization of insulin conformation. Modification of insulin may change the biological activity either by reducing the affinity of the hormone for the receptor or by decreasing the ability of the complex, when formed, to elicit a biological response.