首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   540篇
  免费   51篇
  国内免费   59篇
化学   443篇
晶体学   1篇
力学   26篇
数学   41篇
物理学   139篇
  2023年   11篇
  2022年   18篇
  2021年   15篇
  2020年   16篇
  2019年   22篇
  2018年   20篇
  2017年   8篇
  2016年   19篇
  2015年   13篇
  2014年   13篇
  2013年   34篇
  2012年   42篇
  2011年   36篇
  2010年   23篇
  2009年   18篇
  2008年   28篇
  2007年   34篇
  2006年   29篇
  2005年   41篇
  2004年   17篇
  2003年   17篇
  2002年   21篇
  2001年   9篇
  2000年   19篇
  1999年   21篇
  1998年   14篇
  1997年   23篇
  1996年   15篇
  1995年   9篇
  1994年   8篇
  1993年   8篇
  1992年   5篇
  1991年   2篇
  1990年   3篇
  1989年   3篇
  1988年   1篇
  1987年   2篇
  1986年   1篇
  1985年   4篇
  1984年   3篇
  1983年   1篇
  1978年   1篇
  1972年   1篇
  1970年   1篇
  1957年   1篇
排序方式: 共有650条查询结果,搜索用时 17 毫秒
1.
Baihe-Dihuang Tang is a commonly prescribed remedy for depression. In this study, component screening with untargeted and targeted metabolomics was used to identify potential biomarkers for depression in chronic unpredictable mildly stressed rats. Using this novel identification method, the screening of organic acids, lily saponins, iridoids, and other ingredients formed the basis for subsequent metabolomics research. Baihe-Dihuang Tang supplementation in chronic unpredictable mild-stress-induced depression models, increased their body weight, sucrose preference, brain-derived neurotrophic factor deposition, and spatial exploring. Untargeted metabolomics revealed that Baihe-Dihuang Tang exerts its antidepressant effects by regulating the levels of lipids, organic acids, and its derivatives, and benzenoids in the brain, plasma, and urine of the depressed rats. Moreover, it also modulates the d -glutamine and d -glutamate metabolism and purine metabolism. Targeted metabolomics demonstrated significant reduction in l -glutamate levels in the brains of depressed rats. This could be a potential biomarker for depression. Baihe-Dihuang Tang alleviated depression by regulating the levels of l -glutamate, xanthine, and adenine in the brains of depressed rats. Together, these findings conclusively established the promising therapeutic effect of Baihe-Dihuang Tang on depression and also unraveled the underlying molecular mechanism of its potential antidepressant function.  相似文献   
2.
催化裂化是石油化工的核心单元之一.从催化裂化尾气中分离出来的碳四馏分富含许多的不饱和烯烃,如1-丁烯、顺、反式-2-丁烯以及少量的1,3-丁二烯,这些不饱和烯烃可以通过后续聚合反应,生成合成橡胶和工程塑料的重要原料,具有重要的应用价值.上述工艺过程对原料中1,3-丁二烯的含量(<100~200 ppm)有严苛的要求.采用选择性加氢技术对碳四馏分中的1,3-丁二烯进行选择性加氢,将其转化为更高附加值的单烯烃是一个理想的解决方案.然而,1,3-丁二烯加氢反应得到的单烯烃可能发生深度加氢得到副产物丁烷.因此,开发高效选择性加氢催化剂对碳四资源的利用具有重要的现实意义.另一方面,1,3-丁二烯加氢反应可以作为模型反应,用来考察选择性加氢催化剂的性能.基于此,该反应无论在工业界还是学术界均受到广泛关注.尽管如此,有关1,3-丁二烯加氢催化剂研究进展方面的综述极少.仅有关于1,3-丁二烯加氢作为模型反应的综述报道.本文对过去半个世纪以来1,3-丁二烯加氢反应中不同催化剂的发展历程进行系统综述,特别是包括Pd,Pt和Au等的单一贵金属催化剂.重点介绍以下内容:(1)固体催化剂构效关系,包括活性金属尺寸效应、晶面和形貌效应以及载体效应(晶相、孔道和酸碱性);(2)高性能催化剂的设计新策略,如单原子催化剂、核壳结构催化剂、金属-离子液复合催化体系以及载体的形貌调控;(3)催化剂的反应机理和失活机理.提出了1,3-丁二烯选择性加氢高性能催化剂开发面临的挑战,并对潜在的发展方向进行了展望.本文认为随着纳米技术和金属纳米材料合成方法的快速发展,对贵金属活性组分进行原子层面上的调控(包括形貌、尺寸以及单原子配位环境等)已成为可能.这将有助于研制出一类新型高性能选择性加氢催化材料,从而实现高转化率条件下高附加值单烯烃的定向转化.此外,载体的酸碱性和孔道结构的调控有助于进一步调节催化剂的抗积炭性能,也是未来发展的一个重要方向.  相似文献   
3.
聚氯乙烯是世界上产量最大的通用塑料,在日常生活的诸多领域具有广泛应用.按照原料来源划分,聚氯乙烯的工业生产方法主要有基于煤炭的电石法和基于石油的“平衡法”.我国有丰富的煤炭资源,因此,电石乙炔法是合成聚氯乙烯的主要途径.该方法采用乙炔与氯化氢在活性炭担载氯化汞催化剂上进行氢氯化反应得到聚氯乙烯的单体氯乙烯.然而,由于汞催化剂的挥发性以及毒性,开发汞替代催化剂迫在眉睫.乙炔与二氯乙烷耦合反应是将煤炭与石油资源共同利用来制备聚氯乙烯的一条极具吸引力的途径.相对于研究相对成熟的氢氯化反应,目前耦合反应的研究较少,所开发的催化剂活性与氢氯化体系相比仍有数量级的差距,反应机制仍存在较大争议.争议的焦点在于:二氯乙烷是通过先裂解产生氯化氢,后者再与乙炔发生氢氯化反应,还是二氯乙烷活化后直接与乙炔进行耦合反应.本文报道了一种通过结合预氧化-热裂解的新方法用于制备高活性、高稳定性氮化碳基催化剂,并且将其应用到二氯乙烷裂解反应中,获得较好的活性.表征结果表明,通过改变预氧化温度能够调控不同氮物种缺陷的分布,并发现较高的吡啶氮含量更有利于提高催化剂催化催化裂解反应的活性.进一步添加金属组分(金、铂和钌)修饰上述氮化碳催化剂构建了一系列M/C3N4/AC(M=Au,Pt,Ru)双金属催化剂.结合多种表征技术、稳态反应性能测试以及动力学研究发现,金属组分主要以氯化物的形式单原子分散在载体上,且金属的存在造成两种反应物分子在金属位点上的竞争吸附,因此催化剂在强化氢氯化反应的同时,也减弱了脱氯化氢反应性能,其催化耦合反应总体性能呈现如下趋势:Au/C3N4/AC>Pt/C3N4/AC>Ru/C3N4/AC.基于上述结论,通过装填C3N4/AC和单原子催化剂Au/C3N4/AC的串联反应器,实现了耦合反应的过程强化.综上可见,二氯乙烷脱氯化氢反应是乙炔与二氯乙烷耦合反应的必要步骤,未来催化剂的设计需要考虑到乙炔与二氯乙烷的活化需要不同的活性位点.  相似文献   
4.
分子构象的聚类是搜索分子动力学模拟轨迹中代表构象的主要方法。 它是分析复杂构象改变或分子间相互作用机制的关键步骤. 作为一种基于密度的聚类算法,密度峰值搜索算法因其聚类的准确度而被应用于分子聚类过程中. 但随着模拟时长的增长,密度峰值搜索算法较低的计算效率限制了其应用的可能. 本文提出K-means密度峰值搜索算法的聚类算法,它是密度峰值搜索算法在计算效率方面的一个扩展版本,用于解决密度峰值搜索算法中巨大的资源消耗问题. 在K-means密度峰值搜索算法中,首先,通过高效的聚类算法(例如K-means)进行初始聚类,得到的聚类中心被定义为具有权重的典型点. 然后,对加权的典型点通过密度峰值搜索算法实现二次聚类,并细化点为核心点、边界点、加细光晕点. 在与密度峰值搜索算法具有相似的精度的同时,计算复杂度由O(n2)降至O(n). 通过二面角,二级结构,关联图描述的分子构象,将KFDP用于多个模拟轨迹的聚类过程中. 并通过与K-means聚类算法,DBSCAN聚类算法的比较结果,验证了K-means密度峰值搜索算法的优势.  相似文献   
5.
Eutectic molecular liquids (EMLs) based on hydrogen‐bonding interaction and π–π stacking were prepared. We found that the thermodynamic properties like initial decomposition temperature and glass transition temperature of EMLs are mainly dominated by the hydrogen bond donor, which is beneficial for designing and preparing new EMLs. These new liquid systems could be applied in the field of environmental and material science.  相似文献   
6.
The combined use of gold as transition metal catalyst and N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) as organic catalyst in the same solution for relay catalytic reactions was disclosed. The ynamide substrate was activated by gold catalyst to form unsaturated ketimine intermediate that subsequently reacted with the enals (via azolium enolate intermediate generated with NHC) effectively to form bicyclic lactam products with excellent diastereo‐ and enantio‐selectivities. The gold and NHC coordination and dissociation can be dynamic and tunable events, and thus allow the co‐existence of both active metal and carbene organic catalysts in appreciable concentrations, for the dual catalytic reaction to proceed.  相似文献   
7.
The first manganese‐catalyzed oxidation of organosilanes to silanols with H2O2 under neutral reaction conditions has been accomplished. A variety of organosilanes with alkyl, aryl, alknyl, and heterocyclic substituents were tolerated, as well as sterically hindered organosilanes. The oxidation appears to proceed by a concerted process involving a manganese hydroperoxide species. Featuring mild reaction conditions, fast oxidation, and no waste byproducts, the protocol allows a low‐cost, eco‐benign synthesis of both silanols and silanediols.  相似文献   
8.
9.
The catalytic promiscuity of the novel benzophenone C‐glycosyltransferase, MiCGT, which is involved in the biosynthesis of mangiferin from Mangifera indica, was explored. MiCGT exhibited a robust capability to regio‐ and stereospecific C‐glycosylation of 35 structurally diverse druglike scaffolds and simple phenolics with UDP‐glucose, and also formed O‐ and N‐glycosides. Moreover, MiCGT was able to generate C‐xylosides with UDP‐xylose. The OGT‐reversibility of MiCGT was also exploited to generate C‐glucosides with simple sugar donor. Three aryl‐C‐glycosides exhibited potent SGLT2 inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 2.6×, 7.6×, and 7.6×10−7 M , respectively. These findings demonstrate for the first time the significant potential of an enzymatic approach to diversification through C‐glycosidation of bioactive natural and unnatural products in drug discovery.  相似文献   
10.
A collaborative study on the robustness and portability of a capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry method for peptide mapping was performed by an international team, consisting of 13 independent laboratories from academia and industry. All participants used the same batch of samples, reagents and coated capillaries to run their assays, whereas they utilized the capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry equipment available in their laboratories. The equipment used varied in model, type and instrument manufacturer. Furthermore, different types of sheath‐flow capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry interfaces were used. Migration time, peak height and peak area of ten representative target peptides of trypsin‐digested bovine serum albumin were determined by every laboratory on two consecutive days. The data were critically evaluated to identify outliers and final values for means, repeatability (precision within a laboratory) and reproducibility (precision between laboratories) were established. For relative migration time the repeatability was between 0.05 and 0.18% RSD and the reproducibility between 0.14 and 1.3% RSD. For relative peak area repeatability and reproducibility values obtained were 3–12 and 9–29% RSD, respectively. These results demonstrate that capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry is robust enough to allow a method transfer across multiple laboratories and should promote a more widespread use of peptide mapping and other capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry applications in biopharmaceutical analysis and related fields.  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号