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自从2009年首次报道采用有机-无机杂化钙钛矿作为吸光材料用于太阳能电池以来, 钙钛矿太阳能电池效率的快速提升引起了人们广泛的关注, 这类电池同时具有制备工艺简单、成本低廉等优点, 引发了钙钛矿电池的研究热潮. 目前研究工作大多数集中在如何提高电池的光电转化效率, 但钙钛矿电池要真正实现产业化应用, 急需要解决材料及器件的稳定性问题. 本文探讨影响钙钛矿材料及器件的稳定性因素, 从温度及湿度等方面分析了材料的稳定性, 从传输材料及其界面问题讨论了器件的稳定性. 相似文献
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随着强激光技术的快速发展, 在物质与激光相互作用下,实验上发现了很多新奇的物理现象。这些现象成功地被各种理论模型和数值模拟所解释和证明。一种很重要的现象就是所谓的高次谐波产生:在原子和分子与强激光相互作用时, 能够放出能量为基频光子能量几倍到几百倍的大能量光子。在实验上, 人们已经可以通过合成截止频率附近的几个谐波来产生脉冲长度在阿秒量级的激光脉冲(1阿秒=10-18秒)。阿秒脉冲的获得开启了超快科学一个全新的领域:人们可以在电子运动的自然时间尺度上去探测和操控原子分子内部电子的运动,这是继飞秒科学后人们操控微观世界物质运动的又一大飞跃。在本文中,我们就最近几年我们在理论上所开展的阿秒物理做一个简单的综述,重点强调利用阿秒光去控制电子的电离动力学以及探测分子内部电子运动. 相似文献
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光学显微镜在生物学和医学等众多科学技术以及生产领域发挥着重要作用,分辨能力已经进入纳米尺度.本文综述了光学显微镜的放大原理、结构组成、发展历史、在生物学发展中的推动作用以及超越阿贝衍射极限实现超分辨荧光显微镜——光学显纳镜的原理和方法.光学显纳镜重点介绍了2014年获得诺贝尔化学奖的两项超分辨荧光显微技术,一是以光激活定位显微技术为代表的单分子显微技术,一是通过增加一束损耗光等效减小激发光斑大小来实现超分辨的受激发射损耗显微技术. 相似文献
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Ultrafast solvation dynamics at internal sites of staphylococcal nuclease investigated by site-directed mutagenesis 下载免费PDF全文
Internal solvation of protein was studied by site-directed mutagenesis,with which an intrinsically fluorescent probe,tryptophan,is inserted into the desired position inside a protein molecule for ultrafast spectroscopic study.Here we review this unique method for protein dynamics research.We first introduce the frontiers of protein solvation,site-directed mutagenesis,protein stability and characteristics,and the spectroscopic methods.Then we present time-resolved spectroscopic dynamics of solvation dynamics inside cavities of active sites.The studies are carried out on a globular protein,staphylococcal nuclease.The solvation at sites inside the protein molecule’s cavities clearly reveals characteristics of the local environment.These solvation behaviors are directly correlated to enzyme activity. 相似文献
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Intrinsic luminescence from metal nanostructures complements conventional scattering and absorption behaviors and has many interesting and unique features. This phenomenon has attracted considerable research attention in recent years because of its various potential applications. In this review, we discuss recent advances in this field, summarize potential applications for this type of luminescence, and compare theoretical models to describe the phenomena. On the basis of the excitation process, the characteristic features and corresponding applications are summarized briefly in three parts, namely,continuous-wave light, pulsed laser, and electron excitation. A universal physical mechanism likely operates in all these emission processes regardless of differences in the excitation processes; however, there remains some debate surrounding the details of the theoretical model. Further insight into these luminescence phenomena will not only provide a deeper fundamental understanding of plasmonic nanostructures but will also advance and extend their applications. 相似文献
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The multielectron dissociative ionization dynamics of N2 molecule in intense femtosecond laser fields with arbitrary polarization 下载免费PDF全文
The field-ionization Coulomb explosion model is extended to investigate the multielectron dissociative ionization process of N2 molecule irradiated by an intense femtosecond laser field with an arbitrary polarization. The ionization process of N2 molecule is found to be optimal at the critical internuclear distance Rc=7a.u., which is independent of the laser polarization state, the molecular explosion channel and the angle between the molecular axis and the direction of laser electric field. The kinetic energies of the ion fragments are identical in the cases of linear and circular polarizations at the same incident laser intensity. However,the probability of electron ionization is very sensitive to the above three parameters. At the critical distance Rc=7a.u. the angular dependence of the threshold intensity for the over-the-barrier ionization leads to the geometric alignment of molecules in the case of linear polarization. The threshold intensity in the case of circular polarization is apparently higher than that in the case of linear polarization, which can well explain the significant decrease of ionization in the case of circular polarization. The numerical calculations are compared with the experimental measurements. 相似文献
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The abnormal transmittance in the dielectric band edge of a polystyrene opal is observed and analysed. The transmittance is periodically modulated and the period of modulation varies with the wavelength, which destroys the perfect structure of the photonic band gap. The transmittance modulation originates from the propagation of the low order whispering-gallery mode excited in polystyrene spheres. These results indicate that the whisperinggallery mode has a great influence on practical applications of polystyrene opal. 相似文献
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Electron plasma induced by a focused femtosecond pulse (130 fs, 800 nm) in dielectric materials (Soda Lime glass, K9 glass, and SiO2 crystal) is investigated by pump-probe shadow imaging technology. The relaxation of the electron plasma in the conduction band is discussed. In SiO2 crystals, a fast self-trapping process with a trapping time of 150fs is observed, which is similar to that in fused silica. However, in Soda Lime glass and K9 glass, no self-trapping occurs, and two decay processes are found: one is the energy relaxation process of conduction electrons within several picoseconds, another is an electron-hole recombination process with a timescale of lOOps. The electron collision time T in the conduction band is also measured to be in the order of 1 fs in all of these materials. 相似文献