利用空间位阻和氢溢流协同作用促进5-羟甲基糠醛选择性加氢制备5-甲基糠醛

化学工业生产中，用氢气为还原剂，通过选择性加氢可以制备多种重要化学品。5-羟甲基糠醛是重要的生物质基平台化合物，而5-甲基糠醛是用途广泛的化学品。由5-羟甲基糠醛加氢得到5-甲基糠醛是一条非常理想的路径，但是选择性活化C-OH非常困难。本文设计并制备了Pt@PVP/Nb₂O₅(PVP: 聚乙烯吡咯烷酮)催化剂，该催化体系巧妙地结合了位阻效应、氢溢流和催化剂界面的电子效应，系统研究了该催化剂对5-羟甲基糠醛选择性加氢制备5-甲基糠醛催化性能，在最优条件下，5-甲基糠醛的选择性可达92%。利用密度泛函理论计算研究了5-羟甲基糠醛选择性加氢制备5-甲基糠醛反应路径。     

In-situ EXAFS study on the thermal decomposition of TiH_2

Thermal decomposition behaviors of TiH_2 powder under a flowing helium atmosphere and in a low vacuum condition have been studied using an in situ EXAFS technique.By an EXAFS analysis containing the multiple scattering paths including H atoms,the changes of the hydrogen stoichiometric ratio and the phase transformation sequence are obtained.The results demonstrate that the initial decomposition temperature is dependent on experimental conditions,which occurs,respectively,at about 300 and 400℃ in a low vacuum condition and under a flowing helium atmosphere.During the decomposition process of TiH_2 in a low vacuum condition,the sample experiences a phase change process:δ(TiH_2)→δ(TiH_x)→δ(TiH_1)+β(TiH_x)→δ(TiH_x)+β(TiH_x)+α(Ti)→β(TiH_x)+α(Ti)→α(Ti)+β(Ti).This study offers a way to detect the structural information of hydrogen.A detailed discussion about the decomposition process of TiH_2 is given in this paper.     

铜负载量对LNT催化剂CuO-K2CO3/TiO2结构与性能的影响

采用连续浸渍法制备了一系列非贵金属稀燃NO_x阱(LNT)催化剂CuO-K₂CO₃/TiO₂,考察了Cu负载量对催化剂结构和NO_x储存还原性能的影响.发现8% (w) CuO-K₂CO₃/TiO₂催化剂的催化性能最佳,其对NO_x的储存量达到1.559 mmol·g^-1,对NO_x的还原效率高达99%,且在NO_x还原过程中无副产物N₂O产生.应用粉末X射线衍射(XRD),高分辩透射电子显微镜(HR-TEM), CO₂程序升温脱附(CO₂-TPD),扩展X射线吸收精细结构(EXAFS),氢气程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)和原位漫反射红外光谱(in-situ DRIFTS)等技术详细表征了催化剂的结构.结果表明,不同Cu负载量的催化剂中,铜物种均主要以CuO相存在.铜的负载量直接影响铜物种、钾物种的存在状态,高分散的CuO相与表面K₂CO₃之间存在较强相互作用,这种相互作用不仅有利于NO_x的储存,而且有利于增强催化剂的稳定性. in-situ DRIFTS结果表明, NO_x储存过程中产生的两个负峰(1436和1563 cm^-1)缘于碳酸盐的分解,这间接证明了碳酸盐作为储存介质参与到NO_x储存反应中. EXAFS结果表明,经过15个稀燃/富燃循环测试,催化剂中的CuO相仍保持稳定.基于以上表征结果,提出了CuO和K₂CO₃在催化剂表面的分布模型,并探讨了NO_x储存还原的可能机理.     

Development of pressure-modulated EXAFS method

Many modulation techniques have been widely applied to improve the quality of conventional spectra. Here a pressure-modulated EXAFS method is proposed to detect the small changes of local structure induced by the modulation of high pressure. In the experiment a dynamic diamond anvil cell was used to put a periodic load on the sample and lock-in amplifier to measure the modulated EXAFS signals. We have applied this technique to ZnSe and revealed a sensitivity to atomic displacement of 0.1 pm that is about ten times better than that of traditional EXAFS.     

A new cell for X-ray absorption spectroscopy study under high pressure

X-ray absorption fine structure （XAFS） spectroscopy is a powerful technique for the investigation of the local environment around selected atoms in condensed matter. XAFS under pressure is an important method for the synchrotron source. We design a cell for a high pressure XAFS experiment. Sintered boron carbide is used as the anvils of this high pressure cell in order to obtain a full XAFS spectrum free from diffraction peaks. In addition, a hydraulic pump was adopted to make in-suit pressure modulation. High quality XAFS spectra of ZrH2 under high pressure （up to 13 GPa） were obtained by this cell.     

The Phase Transition of Eu2O3 under High Pressures

Pressure-induced phase transition of cubic Eu2 03 is studied by angle-dispersive x-ray diffraction （ADXD） up to 42.3 GPa at room temperature. A structural transformation from a cubic phase to a hexagonal phase is observed, which starts at 5.0 GPa and finishes at about 13.1 GPa. The phase transition leads to a volume collapse of 9.0% at 8.6 GPa. The hexagonal phase of Eu2 03 maintains stable up to the highest experiment pressure. After re/ease of pressure, the high-pressure phase transforms to a monoclinic phase. The pressure-volume data are fitted with the Birch-Murnaghan equation of state. The bulk moduli obtained upon compression from the fitting are 145（2） GPa and 151（6） OPa for the cubic and hexagonal phases, respectively, when their first pressure derivatives are fixed at 4.     

Defect types and room-temperature ferromagnetism in undoped rutile TiO2 single crystals

Room-temperature ferromagnetism has been experimentally observed in annealed rutile TiO2 single crystals when a magnetic field is applied parallel to the sample plane.By combining X-ray absorption near the edge structure spectrum and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy,Ti3+-V O defect complexes(or clusters) have been identified in annealed crystals at a high vacuum.We elucidate that the unpaired 3d electrons in Ti3+ ions provide the observed room-temperature ferromagnetism.In addition,excess oxygen ions in the TiO2 lattice could induce a number of Ti vacancies which obviously increase magnetic moments.     

Phase transition of solid bismuth under high pressure

As a widely used pressure calibrator, the structural phase transitions of bismuth from phase I, to phase II, to phase III,and then to phase V with increasing pressure at 300 K have been widely confirmed. However, there are different structural versions for phase III, most of which are determined by x-ray diffraction(XRD) technology. Using x-ray absorption fine structure(XAFS) measurements combined with ab initio calculations, we show that the proposed incommensurate composite structure of bismuth of the three configurations is the best option. An abnormal continuous increase of the nearest-neighbor distance of phase III with elevated pressure is also observed. The electronic structure transformation from semimetal to metal is responsible for the complex behavior of structure transformation.     

In-situ EXAFS study on the thermal decomposition of TiH2

Thermal decomposition behaviors of TiH₂ powder under a owing helium atmosphere and in a low vac- uum condition have been studied using an in situ EXAFS technique. By an EXAFS analysis containing the multiple scattering paths including H atoms, the changes of the hydrogen stoichiometric ratio and the phase transformation sequence are obtained. The results demonstrate that the initial decomposition temperature is dependent on experi- mental conditions, which occurs, respectively, at about 300 and 400℃ in a low vacuum condition and under a owing helium atmosphere. During the decomposition process of TiH₂ in a low vacuum condition, the sample experiences a phase change process:δ(TiH₂)→δ (TiH_x)→δ(TiH_x)+β(TiH_x)→δ(TiH_x)+β(TiH_x)+α(Ti)→β(TiH_x)+α(Ti)→α(Ti)+β(Ti). This study o ers a way to detect the structural information of hydrogen. A detailed discussion about the decomposition process of TiH₂ is given in this paper.     

活化气氛对钼基合成醇催化剂的结构和性能的影响

Activated carbon supported Mo-based catalysts were prepared and reduced under different activation atmospheres, including pure H₂, syngas (H₂/CO=2/1), and pure CO. The catalysts structures were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption fine structure, and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. The catalytic performance for the higher alcohol synthesis from syngas was tested. The pure H₂ treatment showed a high reduction capacity. The presence of a large amount of metallic Co⁰. and low valence state Mo^φ+ (0<φ<2) on the surface suggested a super activity for the CO dissociation and hydrogenation, which promoted hydrocarbons formation and reduced the alcohol selectivity. In contrast, the pure CO-reduced catalyst had a low reduction degree. The Mo and Co species at the catalyst mainly existed in the form of Mo⁴⁺ and Co²⁺. The syngas-reduced catalyst showed the highest activity and selectivity for the higher alcohols synthesis. We suggest that the syngas treatment had an appropriate reduction capacity that is between those of pure H₂ and pure CO and led to the coexistence of multivalent Co species as well as the enrichment of Mo^δ+ on the catalyst''s surface. The synergistic effects between these active species provided a better cooperativity and equilibrium between the CO dissociation, hydrogenation and CO insertion and thus contributed beneficially to the formation of higher alcohols.