Design of an efficient monochromatic electron source for inverse photoemission spectroscopy

A design for an efficient monochromatic electron source for Inverse Photoemission Spectroscopy(IPES)apparatus is described. The electron source consists of a Ba O cathode, a focus electrostatic lens, a hemispherical deflection monochromator(HDM), and a transfer electrostatic lens. The HDM adopts a "slit-in and slit-out" structure and the degradation of first-order focusing is corrected by two electrodes between the two hemispheres, which has been investigated by both analytical methods and electron-ray tracing simulations using the SIMION program. Through the focus lens, the HDM, and the standard five-element transfer lens, an optimal energy resolution is estimated to be about 53 MeV with a beam flux of 27 μA. Pass energy(P.E.) of 10 eV and 5 eV are discussed, respectively.     

湿度环境下钙钛矿太阳能电池薄膜微结构演化的同步辐射原位实时研究

环境湿度对有机-无机杂化钙钛矿薄膜太阳能电池稳定性有着相当重要的影响,在湿度环境下原位实时观测钙钛矿薄膜微结构的演化有助于揭示湿度导致的器件性能衰减的微观机理.本文基于上海光源X射线衍射线站,建立了一套湿度可调可控的原位X射线衍射实验装置用以实时观测湿度环境下钙钛矿薄膜的微结构演化.在相对湿度为60%±2%的环境中,采用原位同步辐射掠入射X射线衍射发现在钙钛矿薄膜暴露在湿度环境的最初阶段,其(110)衍射峰附近逐渐出现了中间相结构,应该是来源于部分钙钛矿晶体结构的逐渐分解所形成的钙钛矿多相结构;同时,紫外可见吸收光谱实验表明,经环境湿度处理后的薄膜吸收有所降低,尤其是在约770 nm处吸收台阶发生蓝移,在一定程度上反映出钙钛矿晶体结构的减少或结晶性变弱;扫描电子显微镜结果进一步显示,湿度实验后薄膜形貌的均匀性明显变差,覆盖率降低、孔洞变大及晶界变明显;采用环境湿度实验前后的钙钛矿薄膜上制备的太阳能电池J-V性能测试结果显示,器件的填充因子和光电转换效率均由于环境湿度处理降低了30%以上.因此,同步辐射原位实验观测清晰地揭示了器件性能与钙钛矿薄膜形貌以及微结构演化的密切关联,为理解有机-无机杂化的钙钛矿薄膜的降解微观机理提供了实验依据和指导.