20世纪后30年中国西北西部降水年代际变化机理分析

在全球气候变暖背景下1980年代中期中国西北西部气候发生了年代际突变,降水明显增加且主要是极端降水的贡献. 本文用欧洲中期预报中心再分析资料ERA-40计算了瞬变涡动、环流、水汽输送及其散度等的年代际变化并进行了分解分析. 结果表明, 1987年后大气环流年代际变化形成"东高西低"环流背景场,西风带向该区的水汽输送增加, 水汽辐合增强,其中主要是定常波水汽输送的贡献, 其结果是造成该区及周边空气水汽含量上升, 有利于降水或极端降水的增加. 夏季该区瞬变涡动增强且造成水汽辐合, 增加了降水天气出现的频率; 冬季瞬变涡动减弱, 天气过程减少, 说明降雪增加的原因应该是空气水汽含量增加, 导致降雪强度增加. 因此该区降水的增加即有中高纬度大气变暖变湿的贡献,也有瞬变涡动的动力作用. 未来西北西部降水的趋势主要取决于瞬变涡动与大气水汽含量变化的竞争．     

近60年新疆降水趋势与波动机制分析

用小波多尺度分析和回归等方法研究了近60年新疆降水记录的波动与趋势特征, 结果发现21世纪头十年降水亦然保持增加趋势, 但春、夏降水已呈弱的非线性下降趋势, 秋、冬季节降水增加趋势明显. 这可能与气候暖化的季节不均匀性有关. 年降水量的振荡与北大西洋涛动(NAO)关系密切, 二者约80%的方差都集中在年际尺度和多年代尺度成分两个带上, 年际变化之间呈显著负相关关系. NAO的多年代尺度成分位相超前降水10年左右, 而大西洋海温的多年代尺度涛动与之相差5年, 后者与降水的关联更为密切. "极差"分析表明, 对应于NAO的极端正或负位相事件, 下游的降水和水汽环境明显不同. 在NAO极端负位相年, 中亚和新疆降水都明显增加, 来自欧洲南部的水汽输送和中纬度瞬变涡动水汽输送均偏强, 中亚大气可降水量上升, 冷空气路径偏西, 瞬变天气系统易得到西南水汽输送带的配合, 水汽辐合增强, 有利于新疆和中亚的降水. 反之, 西风带水汽输送偏弱, 天气过程偏少, 降水量偏小, 易发生干旱. 因此, NAO的异常是新疆和中亚降水年际波动的主要原因之一. 关键词： 新疆降水 北大西洋涛动 水汽输送 瞬变涡动     

A decomposition study of moisture transport divergence for inter-decadal change in East Asia summer rainfall during 1958-2001

In this paper,we report on the results of an investigation into inter-decadal changes in moisture transport and divergence in East Asia for the two periods 1980-2001 and 1958-1979.The aim is to explore the mechanism of summer rainfall change in the region after abrupt changes.The relevant changes are calculated using ERA-40 daily reanalysis datasets.The results show that both stationary and transient eddy moisture transports to the Chinese mainland have declined since the abrupt change in atmospheric general circulation in the late 1970s,leading to more rainfall in South China and less in the North.The anomalous rainfall pattern coincides well with anomalous large-scale moisture divergence in the troposphere,of which stationary-wave or monsoon transport is dominant,in comparison with the contribution of the transient eddies.Furthermore,their divergences are found to be in opposite phases.In addition,meridional divergence is more important than its zonal counterpart,with an opposite phase in East Asia.Abnormal zonal moisture convergences appear in northwestern and northeastern parts of China,and are related to the excess rainfalls in these regions.An increase in transient eddy activity is one of the major mechanisms for excess rainfall in northern Xinjiang.Consequently,the anomalous rainfall pattern in East Asia results from a decline of the East Asian monsoon after the abrupt change,while the rainfall increase in northwestern China involves anomalies of both stationary waves and transient eddies on boreal westerly over the midand high latitudes.