中国出境旅游的外交效应

2000年以来，中国出境旅游高增长、高消费，影响力不断增大，成为国家外交战略的重要内容，外交效应逐渐显现。通过辨析中国出境旅游外交效应的概念、表现形式和结果，基于10个中国主要出境目的国的旅游互动数据，采用DIF-GMM计量经济模型，实证检验了中国出境旅游外交效应。结果表明，中国通过有序推进ADS协议、加强经济援助、举办“旅游年”活动、实施旅游“制裁”，并积极参与国际制度建设等旅游外交行为，促进了与世界各国的友好交往，维护了自身核心利益，提升了外交软实力和国际影响力。国际旅游反作用于国际关系，对国际关系具有显著的正向促进作用，不仅是国际关系的结果，而且是其重要动因之一。中国出境旅游与政治、经济、社会、文化等联动，多方面提升了中国的国际影响力。     

Contrasting confocal with defocusing microscale spatially offset Raman spectroscopy

The study compares and contrasts conventional confocal Raman microscopy/spectroscopy (CRM) with a recently developed micrometer scale defocusing spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (micro‐SORS), a method providing a new analytical capability for investigating non‐destructively the chemical composition of subsurface, micrometer‐scale‐thick diffusely scattering layers at depths beyond the reach of CRM. Because of close similarities between the two techniques and comparable embodiment of the instrumentations, but radically different interpretations of data, it is crucially important to recognise which type of method is pertinent to a specific measurement. The distinction comes principally from the nature of sample, whether turbid (micro‐SORS measurement) or transparent (CRM measurement) on the spatial scale of the axial (z‐)scan of the measurement. Which type of sample one deals with may not always be easily recognisable with micro‐scale thick layers, and the study therefore also presents a simple method for suggesting whether CRM or micro‐SORS methodology applies. This test relies on an axial (z‐)scan performed through the sample in both the positive and negative directions from the normal, imaged sample surface position using conventional CRM instrument. The absence or presence of symmetry or asymmetry of the intensity profiles of measured Raman signals around the imaged sample surface position as a function of sample axial displacement then suggests which interpretation could apply. The study paves a way for the development of micro‐SORS as a widely applicable analytical tool deployable on conventional Raman microscopes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

AMT在青铜器文物表面形成缓蚀膜的计算分析

利用密度泛函(DFT)、概念DFT、Electron Localization Function(ELF)和Fukui函数中的亲电反应函数及Multiwfn软件,在B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)基组水平上研究了5-氨基-2-巯基-1,3,4-噻二唑[AMT(a)]及其同分异构体[AMT(b)]和四面体型配合物i Thiol-Cu-2AMT的几何构型和反应特性.通过计算研究发现,首先AMT(b)与青铜器表面的Cu2+形成平面型配合物i Thiol-Cu后再与AMT(b)相互作用,并最终形成不规则的四面体型i Thiol-Cu-2AMT.在i Thiol-Cu-2AMT中Cu19能与AMT(b)中的亲核性原子有效地结合,形成四面体结构后将Cu19离子保护起来,达到了保护青铜器不受腐蚀的目的;对i Thiol-Cu-2AMT结构中的活性位置分析及ELF拓扑研究后发现,在i Thiol-Cu-2AMT中N6、N15、S26和S35原子又可以与其它的Cu2+相互作用,逐步形成配位型聚合物保护膜[i Thiol-Cu-2AMT]n.     

文化框架下多群智能优化算法的云作业调度

作业调度是一种云计算核心技术,为了获得更优的云计算作业调度方案,提出一种文化框架下多群智能优化算法的云作业调度方法。首先构建云作业调度问题的数学模型,然后借助文化算法模型,粒子群算法组成信仰空间,人工鱼群算法组成群体空间,两者之间并行演化,相互促进,对云计算作业调度数学模型进行求解,最后通过仿真实验测试算法的性能。结果表明,本文加快了算法的收敛速度,获得了更优的云计算作业调度方案,大幅度缩短少云计算作业完成时间,具有一定的实用价值。     

文化创意企业视角的长三角城市网络演变特征

运用社会网络与位序-规模法分析长江三角洲地区16市上市类文化创意企业的母-子公司数据信息, 揭示文化创意企业集聚视角长三角城市网络结构及其演变特征. 研究发现: (1) 2005~2015年, 长三角地区文化创意企业上市公司总部数量逐年增加, 公司总部多设立于上海、杭州、苏州以及南京4地; (2)传媒类和软件及计算机类企业多分布于传统区域, 设计咨询类企业生产网络中, 存在传统非核心城市跃升为区域核心城市的现象; (3)上市公司生产网络结构逐渐复杂, 多中心及新核心相继出现, 且生产网络中城市位序有变动趋势, 文化创意产业空间动态正形塑城市体系结构. 为此, 建议长三角文化创意企业发展中应加强企业母子间的联系强度, 促进城市创意流动网络化, 有望推进长三角创意源-流形塑创意城市群新体系.     

How mobile NMR can help with the conservation of paintings

The conservation of paintings is fundamental to ensure that future generations will have access to the ideas of the grand masters who created these art pieces. Many factors, such as humidity, temperature, light, and pollutants, pose a risk to the conservation of paintings. To help with painting conservation, it is essential to be able to noninvasively study how these factors affect paintings and to develop methods to investigate their effects on painting degradation. Hence, the use of mobile nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as a method of investigation of paintings is gaining increased attention in the world of Heritage Science. In this mini-review, we discuss how this method was used to better understand the stratigraphy of paintings and the effect different factors have on the painting integrity, to analyze the different cleaning techniques suitable for painting conservation, and to show how mobile NMR can be used to identify forgeries. It is also important to keep in mind its limitations and build upon this information to optimize it to extend its applicability to the study of paintings and other precious objects of cultural heritage.     

Molecular Fluorescence Imaging Spectroscopy for Mapping Low Concentrations of Red Lake Pigments: Van Gogh's Painting The Olive Orchard

Vincent van Gogh used fugitive red lake pigments that have faded in some paintings. Mapping their distribution is key to understanding how his paintings have changed with time. While red lake pigments can be identified from microsamples, in situ identification and mapping remain challenging. This paper explores the ability of molecular fluorescence imaging spectroscopy to identify and, more importantly, map residual non‐degraded red lakes. The high sensitivity of this method enabled identification of the emission spectra of eosin (tetrabromine fluorescein) lake mixed with lead or zinc white at lower concentrations than elemental X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy used on account of bromine. The molecular fluorescence mapping of residual eosin and two carmine red lakes in van Gogh's The Olive Orchard is demonstrated and compared with XRF imaging spectroscopy. The red lakes are consistent with the composition of paint tubes known to have been used by van Gogh.     

Advanced combined application of μ-X-ray diffraction/μ-X-ray fluorescence with conventional techniques for the identification of pictorial materials from Baroque Andalusia paintings

The process of investigating paintings includes the identification of materials to solve technical and historical art questions, to aid in the deduction of the original appearance, and in the establishment of the chemical and physical conditions for adequate restoration and conservation. In particular, we have focused on the identification of several samples taken from six famous canvases painted by Pedro Atanasio Bocanegra, who created a very special collection depicting the life of San Ignacio, which is located in the church of San Justo y Pastor of Granada, Spain. The characterization of the inorganic and organic compounds of the textiles, preparation layers, and pictorial layers have been carried out using an XRD diffractometer, SEM observations, EDX spectrometry, FT-IR spectrometry (both in reflection and transmission mode), pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and synchrotron-based μ-X-ray techniques. In this work, the advantages over conventional X-ray diffraction of using combined synchrotron-based μ-X-ray diffraction and μ-X-ray fluorescence in the identification of multi-layer paintings is demonstrated.     

Preliminary study of UV ageing process of proteinaceous paint binder by FT-IR and principal component analysis

This work presents a preliminary study on the ageing process of proteinaceous binder materials used in painting under UV light. With this aim, two sets of model samples were prepared: samples prepared using a single protein material and complex samples prepared in a similar way to the sequence of layers in a real painting from lowest to highest complexity (protein, drying oils, pigment and varnish). The study focuses on acquiring information about the possible degradation process of proteinaceous binders due to ageing and how this process be affected by the presence of characteristic non-proteinaceous painting materials, such as lipids from linseed oil, terpenic compounds from varnish and inorganic pigments. Samples simulated the accelerated ageing process, as did the UV light exposition. The FT-IR spectra were recorded after 100, 500, 1000 and 1500 h of exposition. The study of the accelerated ageing process was performed by means of principal component analysis (PCA) using the FT-IR spectra obtained. Loadings from the significant principal components were analysed to find the FT-IR frequency (cm⁻¹) involved in the degradation process. The study showed the lack of any relevant modification on the proteins in the single model samples. On the contrary, the complex model samples showed the ageing process. The accelerated ageing process can be explained by a principal component from PCA. The most affected IR region was 2900-3600 cm⁻¹, where the amide band was included.