倒伏胁迫下的玉米冠层结构特征变化与光谱响应解析

倒伏胁迫是玉米生产中的主要灾害之一，严重影响玉米的产量、品质和机械收获能力。解析不同倒伏胁迫强度下玉米冠层结构变化规律及其光谱响应机理，是玉米倒伏灾情大范围遥感监测的基础。分别在玉米抽雄期、灌浆中期设置茎倒、茎折、根倒3种强度的倒伏处理，基于田间多频次持续观测实验，分析生育期、倒伏类型对玉米冠层结构动态变化及其自我恢复能力的影响；采用传统光谱变换与连续小波变换方法对倒伏玉米冠层高光谱进行处理，选取叶面积密度（LAD）为玉米倒伏冠层结构特征指标，筛选叶面积密度最佳敏感波段和小波系数，基于随机森林法构建叶面积密度高光谱响应模型，利用未参与建模的实测样本验证模型精度，重点探讨小波分解尺度和光谱分辨率对LAD光谱响应能力的影响规律。研究结果表明：叶面积密度作为单位体积内叶面积总量的冠层结构表征指标，与倒伏胁迫强度具有较好的响应关系，灌浆期的倒伏玉米LAD普遍高于抽雄期，抽雄期LAD整体表现为茎折＞根倒＞茎倒＞未倒伏，灌浆期LAD整体表现为根倒＞茎折＞茎倒＞未倒伏；经连续小波变换后，玉米倒伏冠层光谱对玉米倒伏LAD的响应能力普遍优于传统光谱变换，随着小波分解尺度的增加，LAD与敏感波段的相关性越强，其中10尺度相关系数最高，达0.74；连续小波变换所构建的模型精度普遍优于传统光谱变换，其中由原始光谱小波变换后构建的LAD响应模型精度最高，检验样本的R2为0.811，RMSE为1.763，表明连续小波变换技术可凸显和利用冠层光谱中的细微信息。因此，叶面积密度可有效定量表征不同倒伏胁迫程度的玉米冠层结构变化特征，连续小波变换能有效提升冠层光谱对倒伏玉米结构变化的响应能力，基于随机森林法构建的倒伏玉米叶面积密度诊断模型具有较高的精度和稳定性，可为区域尺度的夏玉米倒伏灾情遥感监测提供先验知识。     

生境片段化对千岛湖次生马尾松林土壤理化性质的影响

土壤是森林生态系统的重要组成部分，对森林生物多样性和生态功能的维持具有不可替代的作用.据此，本研究以千岛湖地区大陆35个样方和29个不同大小和隔离度的陆桥岛屿次生马尾松林土壤为研究对象，分析了生境片段化对土壤理化性质的影响.研究发现，大陆马尾松林土壤厚度显著高于岛屿，而其土壤最大持水量显著低于岛屿；大陆土壤的全磷（P）显著低于岛屿，而土壤有效磷（AP）和硝态氮（NO₃-N）显著高于岛屿.在片段化的岛屿生境中，土壤C、N、P、NO₃-N、AP随与边缘距离的增大而降低；隔离度和地形对部分土壤理化因子有影响，而岛屿面积对土壤理化性质无影响.土壤理化因子和植物群落多样性存在显著相关性.生境片段化改变了千岛湖地区马尾松林的土壤条件，而边缘效应是影响片段化生境中土壤性质空间分布的主要过程之一.通过分析片段化景观中土壤理化性质的空间分布格局及其影响因素，深化了生境片段化对土壤条件影响的认识，对于片段化森林管理措施的制定具有重要意义.     

Colourings of cubic graphs inducing isomorphic monochromatic subgraphs

A -bisection of a bridgeless cubic graph is a -colouring of its vertex set such that the colour classes have the same cardinality and all connected components in the two subgraphs induced by the colour classes ( monochromatic components in what follows) have order at most . Ban and Linial Conjectured that every bridgeless cubic graph admits a -bisection except for the Petersen graph. A similar problem for the edge set of cubic graphs has been studied: Wormald conjectured that every cubic graph with has a -edge colouring such that the two monochromatic subgraphs are isomorphic linear forests (ie, a forest whose components are paths). Finally, Ando conjectured that every cubic graph admits a bisection such that the two induced monochromatic subgraphs are isomorphic. In this paper, we provide evidence of a strong relation of the conjectures of Ban-Linial and Wormald with Ando's Conjecture. Furthermore, we also give computational and theoretical evidence in their support. As a result, we pose some open problems stronger than the above-mentioned conjectures. Moreover, we prove Ban-Linial's Conjecture for cubic-cycle permutation graphs. As a by-product of studying -edge colourings of cubic graphs having linear forests as monochromatic components, we also give a negative answer to a problem posed by Jackson and Wormald about certain decompositions of cubic graphs into linear forests.     

The impact of environmental regulations on forest product trade in China

Forest product trade plays an important role in the development of the Chinese forest industry. The trading value of forest product has shown a yearly growth rate of 12% during the last five recent years. Stringent environmental regulations in China have a profound impact on raw material supplies and industrial production in the forest sector; however, their impact on the forest product trade is still unclear. This study applies fixed and random effects models as well as a seemingly unrelated regression model to investigate the impact of environmental regulations on the trade of forest product from 2002 to 2015. The results indicate that the stringent environmental regulations promoted the import but restricted the export of forest product in general. Specifically, the stringent environmental regulations stimulated the import but had an ambiguous impact on the export of the paper product. The stringent environmental regulations had also stimulated the import of wood product but inhibited the export. In contrast, wooden furniture had been affected minimally; only export got slightly negatively affected by environmental regulations. Recommendations for resource managers:

• Trade‐offs between economic growth and environmental regulations are needed to smoothly promote the forest product trade in China.
• Paper and wooden furniture product sectors are less likely to be affected by stringent environmental regulations, because high value‐added products could compensate for environmental costs.
• The wood product sector is more likely to be negatively affected by stringent environmental regulations because environmental costs could severely impact the competitiveness of low value‐added products.

     

Logging damage and injured tree mortality in tropical forest management

Using insights from the forest ecology literature, we analyze the effect of injured trees on stand composition and carbon stored in above‐ground biomass and the implications for forest management decisions. Results from a Faustmann model with data for a tropical forest on Kalimantan show that up to 50% of the basal area of the stand before harvest can consist of injured trees. Considering injured trees leads to an increase in the amount of carbon in above‐ground biomass of up to 165%. These effects are larger under reduced impact logging than under conventional logging. The effects on land expectation value and cutting cycle are relatively small. The results suggest that considering injured trees in models for tropical forest management is important for the correct assessment of the potential of financial programs to store carbon and conserve forest ecosystem services in managed tropical forests, such as reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and payment for ecosystem services. Recommendations for Resource Managers

• Considering the role of injured trees is important for managing tropical forests
• These trees can cover up to 50% of basal area and contain more than 50% of the carbon stored in above‐ground biomass
• Reduced impact logging leads to a larger basal area of injured trees and more carbon stored in injured trees than conventional logging
• Injured trees play an important role when assessing the potential for carbon storage in the context of payment for forest ecosystem services.

     

珍稀特有植物华顶杜鹃的种群结构和种间联结

华顶杜鹃（Rhododendron huadingense）因分布地域的局限和资源量的稀少，被列为浙江省珍稀濒危植物。基于珍稀特有植物华顶杜鹃主要分布区的样地调查数据，通过分析群落相似性、种群结构，并基于2×2联列表，应用共同出现百分率PC、联结系数AC、Pearson积矩相关系数r_p和Spearman秩相关系数r_s等方法对华顶杜鹃乔木层22个主要物种、灌木层24个主要物种的种间联结的显著性和关联强度进行了定量测定，以揭示华顶杜鹃群落不同结构层次中主要物种的种间关系及其种群濒危的原因。结果显示：（1）华顶杜鹃生长在光照较强的阳坡，不同产地所处群落物种组成差异较大。（2）种群结构显示，各群落均处于不同程度的衰退阶段，幼苗和幼树储备不足，种群呈衰退趋势；各样地的龄级结构不完整，普遍出现断代现象。（3）方差比率VR和统计量W表明，华顶杜鹃群落中物种整体关联性不显著；PC值显示乔木层和灌木层共507个种对，有183个相互独立，其余大部分PC值小于0.6，联结性较弱；AC值显示，乔木层和灌木层中除25个种对具有显著的联结性外，其余AC值的绝对值小于0.6；r_p值和r_s值正负关联比在0.36~0.85，显著检验率在0.06~0.08。表明华顶杜鹃所在群落种间关系较为松散，整体关联性弱；大部分物种生态习性差异较大，在共存时无法达到资源的最佳分配和利用状态，群落尚处不稳定阶段。为抑制其种群的衰退趋势，应加强对华顶杜鹃个体和群落生境的保护，需要适当的人为干预。     

白骨化尸体死亡时间的推断

本文分析了15具白骨化尸体标本的股骨汞(Hg),铅(Pb),镉(Cd)元素含量数据,在三年的时间内采集了3次,一共收集到45个数据。首先将这组数据看着纵向数据,利用线性随机效应混合模型、Cox随机混合效应模型进行分析,结果显示,如果对每个白骨化尸体标本建立线性模型,可以精确预测出死亡时间,而且不需要采集铅元素含量数据。混合效应模型的预测效果也很好,最大误差不会超过1个月。其次我们对数据不作任何假设,利用机器学习中随机森林方法分析数据,并利用5折交叉验证方法来判断结果的可靠性,训练集和测试集的NMSE分别为0.1205944,0.5604286,因此可以用训练出的模型来预测死亡时间。     

大数据背景下水厂自动投矾模型研究

根据某市自来水有限责任公司第二水厂的历史矾耗数据，建立矾耗流量关于原水浊度、温度等的动态矾耗模型. 通过对数据进行处理得到10900个合格且净水效果高效的数据，将筛选出的数据分为训练样本集和测试样本集. 在回归拟合中，通过拟合R2的大小将原水浊度划分为“低浊”“中浊”“高浊”3个区间，利用泰勒展开公式的非线性变量代换分别对3个区间建立不同的多项式回归模型，得到预测正确率约为72%，总的矾耗流量值约减少了9.6%的结果；在随机森林模型中，使用10900个合格数据，利用训练样本集，以“原水浊度”“pH值”“原水流量”和“水温”为输入变量，建立包含2000棵决策树的随机森林模型，得到预测正确率约为44. 21%，总的矾耗流量值增加了0.04%的结果. 从模型对合格数据的拟合优度看，随机森林模型比非线性回归模型效果更好；在平均绝对误差、平均绝对偏差百分比等评价指标上，前者均优于后者；但从历史数据检验的结果，模型的可解读性，模型的操作难度和推广角度看，分段二元非线性回归模型的优势更为突出.     

浙江省不同演替阶段的低海拔次生林植物功能群结构的比较研究

选取浙江省低海拔地区的16个次生林样地并调查其中胸径(DBH)≥1cm的木本植物.通过观察群落外貌,结合数量分类方法(TWINSPAN)和排序方法(DCA),将这些样地划分为4种演替阶段的森林类型(马尾松林,马尾松针阔叶混交林,演替早期常绿阔叶林,演替中期常绿阔叶林).分析了不同演替阶段的次生林群落物种多样性和植物功能群结构组成变化.结果显示:(1)适度择伐进入采伐期的马尾松可加速整个群落向常绿阔叶林演替;(2)随着演替的进行,物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数均呈现增加趋势;(3)按生活型、生长型、叶的生活期和对光的耐受性这4种功能群划分,所有样地分别以小高位芽植物和中高位芽植物、乔木和灌木或小乔木、常绿植物和耐阴植物占优;(4)随着演替的进行,功能群结构比例呈现先降后升再降的是矮高位芽植物,先降后升的为小高位芽植物,呈现先升后降的为大高位芽植物、灌木、乔木、小乔木、常绿植物、阴性植物呈现上升趋势,落叶植物和阳性植物呈现下降趋势,而中高位芽植物、灌木或小乔木、耐阴植物则维持相对恒定的比例.