Application of Machine Learning for Tool Condition Monitoring in Turning

The machining process is primarily used to remove material using cutting tools. Any variation in tool state affects the quality of a finished job and causes disturbances. So, a tool monitoring scheme (TMS) for categorization and supervision of failures has become the utmost priority. To respond, traditional TMS followed by the machine learning (ML) analysis is advocated in this paper. Classification in ML is supervised based learning method wherein the ML algorithm learn from the training data input fed to it and then employ this model to categorize the new datasets for precise prediction of a class and observation. In the current study, investigation on the single point cutting tool is carried out while turning a stainless steel (SS) workpeice on the manual lathe trainer. The vibrations developed during this activity are examined for failure-free and various failure states of a tool. The statistical modeling is then incorporated to trace vital signs from vibration signals. The multiple-binary-rule-based model for categorization is designed using the decision tree. Lastly, various tree-based algorithms are used for the categorization of tool conditions. The Random Forest offered the highest classification accuracy, i.e., 92.6%.

     

Classify the Higgs decays with the PFN and ParticleNet at electron–positron colliders

Various Higgs factories are proposed to study the Higgs boson precisely and systematically in a model- independent way. In this study, the Particle Flow Network and ParticleNet techniques are used to classify the Higgs decays into multicategories, and the ultimate goal is to realize an "end-to-end" analysis. A Monte Carlo simulation study is performed to demonstrate the feasibility, and the performance looks rather promising. This result could be the basis of a "one-stop" analysis to measure all the branching fractions of the Higgs decays simultaneously.     

A volatolomic approach using cerumen as biofluid to diagnose bovine intoxication by Stryphnodendron rotundifolium

An innovative volatolomic approach employs the detection of biomarkers present in cerumen (earwax) to identify cattle intoxication by Stryphnodendron rotundifolium Mart., Fabaceae (popularly known as barbatimão). S. rotundifolium is a poisonous plant with the toxic compound undefined and widely distributed throughout the Brazilian territory. Cerumen samples from cattle of two local Brazilian breeds (‘Curraleiro Pé-Duro’ and ‘Pantaneiro’) were collected during an experimental intoxication protocol and analyzed using headspace (HS)/GC–MS followed by multivariate analysis (genetic algorithm for a partial least squares, cluster analysis, and classification and regression trees). A total of 106 volatile organic metabolites were identified in the cerumen samples of bovines. The intoxication by S. rotundifolium influenced the cerumen volatolomic profile of the bovines throughout the intoxication protocol. In this way, it was possible to detect biomarkers for cattle intoxication. Among the biomarkers, 2-octyldecanol and 9-tetradecen-1-ol were able to discriminate all samples between intoxicated and nonintoxicated bovines. The cattle intoxication diagnosis by S. rotundifolium was accomplished by applying the cerumen analysis using HS/GC–MS, in an easy, accurate, and noninvasive way. Thus, the proposed bioanalytical chromatography protocol is a useful tool in veterinary applications to determine this kind of intoxication.     

利用带无标签数据的双支持向量机对恒星光谱分类

恒星光谱分类是天文技术与方法领域一直关注的热点问题之一。随着观测设备持续运行和不断改进，人类获得的光谱数量与日俱增。这些海量光谱为人工处理带来了极大挑战。鉴于此，研究人员开始关注数据挖掘算法，并尝试对这些光谱进行数据挖掘。近年来，神经网络、自组织映射、关联规则等数据挖掘方法广泛应用于恒星光谱分类。在这些方法中，支持向量机(SVM)以其强大的学习能力和高效的分类性能而备受推崇。SVM的基本思想是试图在两类样本之间找到一个最优分类面将两类分开。SVM在求解时，通过将其最优化问题转化为具有(QP)形式的凸问题，进而得到全局最优解。尽管该方法在实际应用中表现优良，但为了进一步提高其分类能力，有的学者提出双支持向量机(TSVM)。该方法通过构造两个非平行的分类面将两类分开，每一类靠近某个分类面，而远离另一个分类面。TSVM的计算效率较之传统SVM提高近4倍，因此，自TSVM提出后便受到研究人员的持续关注，并出现若干改进算法。在恒星光谱分类中，一般分类算法都是根据历史观测光谱来建立分类模型，其中最关键的是对光谱进行人工标注，这项工作极为繁琐，且容易犯错。如何利用已标记的光谱以及部分无标签的光谱来建立分类模型显得尤为重要。因此，提出带无标签数据的双支持向量机(TSVMUD)用以实现对恒星光谱智能分类的目的。该方法首先将光谱分为训练数据集和测试数据集两部分；然后，在训练集上进行学习，得到分类依据；最后利用分类依据对测试集上的光谱进行验证。继承了双支持向量机的优势，更重要的是，在训练集上学习分类模型过程中，不仅考虑有标记的训练样本，也考虑部分未标记的样本。一方面提高了学习效率，另一方面得到更优的分类模型。在SDSS DR8恒星光谱数据集上的比较实验表明，与支持向量机SVM、双支持向量机TSVM以及K近邻(KNN)等传统分类方法相比，带无标签数据的双支持向量机TSVMUD具有更优的分类能力。然而，该方法亦存在一定的局限性，其中一大难题是其无法处理海量光谱数据。该工作将借鉴海量数据随机采样思想，利用大数据处理技术，来对所提方法在大数据环境下的适应性展开进一步研究。     

凹凸棒石负载Cu-Fe-Co基催化剂组合体系用于CO加氢制备低碳醇

采用浸渍法(IM)和浸渍燃烧法(IMSC)制备了凹凸棒石(ATP)及凹凸棒石-多孔硅胶微球混合物(ATPS)负载CuFe-Co基改性费托催化剂,通过N_2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、H_2-程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)和CO_2-程序升温脱附(CO_2-TPD)等手段对催化剂进行了表征,并将它们应用于CO加氢制备低碳醇反应。结果表明,IMSC较IM制备催化剂更有利于CuO的负载、分散和还原,促进H_2和CO与Cu活性位的接触,但两者的最佳低碳醇合成温度均为280℃。通过对ATP和ATPS负载Cu-Fe-Co基催化剂(CFCK/ATP、CFCK/ATPS)与Cu/ZnO/Al_2O_3(CZA)甲醇催化剂的组合体系的优化,获得较理想的低碳醇合成催化剂组合体系CZA║CFCK/ATPS-IMSC。利用它们之间的"产物转化耦合效应",实现CO转化率为46.3%,低碳醇选择性为39.6%,C_(2+)醇含量为22.7%。     

由定子电流信号分析陀螺电机滚珠轴承故障诊断与分类（英文）

在陀螺电机中,轴承故障是最普遍的失效形式。针对陀螺电机球轴承中各组成部分出现故障难以区分,而更换整套轴承又造成巨大浪费的问题,提出了一种基于电流信号分析的陀螺电机轴承故障分类方法。该方法通过采集定子电流信号,并应用数学分析工具,提取出定子电流的特征信号。通过使用顺序递推法排除了冗余和无效特征,然后用最佳的特征信号建立特征空间。通过使用隐马尔科夫模型,对轴承的典型故障(外环故障、内环故障、球故障和保持架故障)进行了准确的分类。该方法的有效性在一台具有不同轴承故障的直流无刷陀螺电机上得到验证,实验结果显示分类的正确率达到97.1%。     

A class imbalance-aware Relief algorithm for the classification of tumors using microarray gene expression data

DNA microarray data has been widely used in cancer research due to the significant advantage helped to successfully distinguish between tumor classes. However, typical gene expression data usually presents a high-dimensional imbalanced characteristic, which poses severe challenge for traditional machine learning methods to construct a robust classifier performing well on both the minority and majority classes. As one of the most successful feature weighting techniques, Relief is considered to particularly suit to handle high-dimensional problems. Unfortunately, almost all relief-based methods have not taken the class imbalance distribution into account. This study identifies that existing Relief-based algorithms may underestimate the features with the discernibility ability of minority classes, and ignore the distribution characteristic of minority class samples. As a result, an additional bias towards being classified into the majority classes can be introduced. To this end, a new method, named imRelief, is proposed for efficiently handling high-dimensional imbalanced gene expression data. imRelief can correct the bias towards to the majority classes, and consider the scattered distributional characteristic of minority class samples in the process of estimating feature weights. This way, imRelief has the ability to reward the features which perform well at separating the minority classes from other classes. Experiments on four microarray gene expression data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of imRelief in both feature weighting and feature subset selection applications.     

基于Bi PLS结合Si PLS的组合权值COD浓度预测模型

水体中过高浓度的有机物含量危害巨大，不仅会造成严重的环境污染，而且危害人类身体健康，传统化学法检测水体化学需氧量(COD)的步骤繁琐且时效性差，不利于水体中COD的快速定量检测。针对这些问题，提出了一种将紫外光谱与组合权值模型相结合的快速定量检测COD方法，该组合权值模型是基于反向区间偏最小二乘法(BiPLS)结合组合区间偏最小二乘法(SiPLS)算法对紫外光谱的特征子区间筛选组合，然后依据特征子区间的权值建立的预测模型。首先按照一定的浓度梯度配制45份COD标准液样本，通过实验获取标准液的紫外光谱数据；对获取到的COD紫外光谱数据做一阶导数和S-G滤波(Savitzky-Golay)的预处理，消除基线漂移和环境干扰噪声；应用SPXY(Sample set partitioning based on jiont X-Y)算法将实验样本数据组划分成校正集和预测集。然后基于BiPLS算法对全光谱区间进行波长筛选，在BiPLS筛选过程中，目标区间的划分数量会对建模产生较大影响，于是对子区间划分数量进行优化，把子区间分成15~25个，在不同区间数下都进行偏最小二乘(PLS)建模，通过交互验证均方根误差(RMSECV)来筛选最优子区间数，得到区间数为18时，模型效果最佳。从18个波长区间筛选出了6个特征波长子区间，入选的子区间为2，1，3，11，7和6，对应波长为234~240，262~268，269~275，290~296，297~303和304~310 nm，这6个特征波长区间涵盖了大量的光谱信息，对最终预测模型的贡献度大；接下来通过SiPLS算法对这6个初选区间进行进一步的筛选组合，采用不同的组合数构建不同特征区间上的PLS模型，在相同组合数下，筛选出一个区间组合数最优的结果，对比不同组合数下预测模型的误差与相关性，将6个区间筛选组合为3个特征波长区间，分别为234~240，262~275和290~310 nm，这三个特征区间最佳因子数分别为4，4和3。对传统SiPLS的特征区间组合方法进行改进，基于权值的大小来对这3个特征区间进行线性组合，代替过去特征区间直接组合的方法。通过权值公式计算出这3个特征区间的权重大小分别为0.509，0.318和0.173，最终建立线性组合权值COD浓度预测模型。为了验证组合权重预测模型的精度，另外建立了全波长范围内的PLS预测模型、单个特征波长区间的PLS预测模型、直接组合特征波长区间的PLS模型，并使用评价参数相关系数的平方(R2)、预测值与真实浓度值的均方根误差(RMSEP)和预测回收率(T)来对模型评价。验证结果表明，相比其他预测模型，组合权值模型相关系数的平方达到了0.999 7，明显优于直接组合特征区间建模的0.968 0，预测均方根误差为0.532，比直接组合特征区间的预测模型误差降低了29.3%，预测回收率为96.4%~103.1%，显著地提高了预测精度。该方法简单可行，不会产生二次污染，可为在线监测水体中COD浓度提供一定的技术支持。     

傅里叶中红外光谱结合稀疏表示分类方法鉴别小麦赤霉病感染等级

旨在探索感染不同等级赤霉病的小麦中主要成分含量变化引起的傅里叶中红外光谱信息响应，并结合模式识别方法实现基于傅里叶变换中红外光谱的小麦赤霉病等级无损检测。以感染不同等级赤霉病小麦为研究对象，在4 000~400 cm-1波数范围内采集95个小麦样本的傅里叶中红外光谱数据，利用载荷系数法（XLW）与随机森林算法（RF）分析选取小麦样本傅里叶中红外光谱中的敏感波长，利用稀疏表示分类（SRC）算法建模识别小麦感染赤霉病等级。结果表明：XLW算法和RF算法选择的特征波长作为定性分析模型的输入时模型鉴别准确率与全波段光谱数据作输入时均达90%以上，特征波长提取算法可以有效简化模型并提高效率。RF-SRC模型鉴别效果最好，建模集鉴别准确率达97%，测试集鉴别准确率达96%。小麦感染赤霉病等级的不同会引起小麦中水分、淀粉、纤维素、可溶性氮素、蛋白质、脂肪等物质含量的变化，采用RF算法选择的特征波长均反映了这些物质所对应的傅里叶中红外光谱透射光谱特征的差异，结合SRC模型进行小麦赤霉病等级鉴别可达到最好的鉴别效果。因此，利用傅里叶中红外光谱技术结合模式识别方法对小麦赤霉病等级鉴别是可行的，解释了傅里叶中红外光谱技术检测小麦赤霉病等级的机理。