双激光脉冲打靶形成Gd等离子体的极紫外光谱辐射

高端芯片制造所需要的极紫外光刻技术位于我国当前面临35项"卡脖子"关键核心技术之首.高转换效率的极紫外光源是极紫外光刻系统的重要组成部分.本文通过采用双激光脉冲打靶技术实现较强的6.7 nm极紫外光输出.首先,理论计算Gd¹⁸⁺—Gd²⁷⁺离子最外层4d壳层的4p-4d和4d-4f能级之间跃迁、以及Gd¹⁴⁺—Gd¹⁷⁺离子最外层4f壳层的4d-4f能级之间跃迁对波长为6.7 nm附近极紫外光的贡献.其后开展实验研究,结果表明,随着双脉冲之间延时的逐渐增加,波长为6.7 nm附近的极紫外光辐射强度呈现先减弱、后增加、之后再减弱的变化趋势,在双脉冲延时为100 ns处产生的极紫外光辐射最强.并且,在延时为100 ns处产生的光谱效率最高,相比于单脉冲激光产生的光谱效率提升了33%.此外,发现双激光脉冲打靶技术可以有效地减弱等离子体的自吸收效应,获得的6.7 nm附近极紫外光谱宽度均小于单激光脉冲打靶的情形,且在脉冲延时为30 ns时刻所产生的光谱宽度最窄,约为单独主脉冲产生极紫外光谱宽度的1/3.同时...     

无穷多目标优化的Geoffrion真有效性及其在鲁棒优化中的应用

在多目标优化中,Pareto有效性体现了目标之间的妥协与补偿,而Geoffrion真有效性能保证补偿是有界的.本文对有无穷多个目标的优化问题引入了真有效性,完整保留了Geoffrion的结构.基于一族锥,揭示了Geoffrion真有效性的特点及其与Pareto有效性的区别.并将Geoffrion真有效性的思想用于鲁棒优化,得到了著名的Hurwicz决策准则.     

Effects of particle size and concentration on bubble coalescence and froth formation in a slurry bubble column

A new approach for simulating the formation of a froth layer in a slurry bubble column is proposed. Froth is considered a separate phase, comprised of a mixture of gas, liquid, and solid. The simulation was carried out using commercial flow simulation software (FIRE v2014) for particle sizes of 60–150 μm at solid concentrations of 0–40 vol%, and superficial gas velocities of 0.02–0.034 m/s in a slurry bubble column with a hydraulic diameter of 0.2 m and height of 1.2 m. Modelling calculations were conducted using a Eulerian–Eulerian multiphase approach with k–ε turbulence. The population balance equations for bubble breakup, bubble coalescence rate, and the interfacial exchange of mass and momentum were included in the computational fluid dynamics code by writing subroutines in Fortran to track the number density of different bubble sizes. Flow structure, radial gas holdup, and Sauter mean bubble diameter distributions at different column heights were predicted in the pulp zone, while froth volume fraction and density were predicted in the froth zone. The model was validated using available experimental data, and the predicted and experimental results showed reasonable agreement. To demonstrate the effect of increasing solid concentration on the coalescence rate, a solid-effect multiplier in the coalescence efficiency equation was used. The solid-effect multiplier decreased with increasing slurry concentration, causing an increase in bubble coalescence efficiency. A slight decrease in the coalescence efficiency was also observed owing to increasing particle size, which led to a decrease in Sauter mean bubble diameter. The froth volume fraction increased with solid concentration. These results provide an improved understanding of the dynamics of slurry bubble reactors in the presence of hydrophilic particles.     

可见/近红外光谱图像在作物病害检测中的应用

农作物病害严重影响了我国正常的农业生产，现代农业迫切需要快速、准确、高效的作物病害诊断方法。首先简单介绍了常用病害检测技术，如：聚合酶链式反应技术、人工感官判定技术、统计学方法等，这些方法或是比较费时、或是只能用于产生明显病斑后的病害诊断，而光谱技术在植物病害的快速检测方面有一定的潜力，目前已有大量的研究成果。主要围绕可见/近红外光谱图像在病害检测的应用展开分析和讨论，讨论了该技术所涉及的仪器，并从细胞、植物组织、冠层及更大尺度层面分析了该技术在病害检测中的现况。目前大部分与植物病害有关的可见/近红外光谱研究都以植物叶片为对象，而在更小尺度（细胞至显微尺度）和更大尺度（冠层至航空/航天遥感方面）上的研究较少，特别是单细胞级别的病害研究，只在动物细胞领域展开，而且以荧光、拉曼、红外光谱为主。可见/近红外在以植物叶片为主要研究对象的器官尺度上有大量的成功应用，目前的研究已涉及了大部分的常见作物及其主要病害，包括真菌性、细菌性等各种病原引起的病害的检测。植物叶片尺度的研究主要从以下三个方面展开：(1）基于计算机图像处理和模式识别的病害信息自动快速判断；(2）基于化学计量学方法的高光谱或高光谱图像病害程度模型；(3）建立与作物病害有关的叶片某些理化参数的光谱模型，从而量化病害的程度。在植物叶片这一尺度相关研究的主要问题是：研究过于碎片化，往往只研究了某一种或少数几种病害，所建的模型只能用于特定实验条件，无法直接自动判断任意田间样本的染病种类与程度。在近地冠层尺度，植株的三维形态对光谱模型有较大的干扰，有文献表明以植株近地冠层2D图像作为病害检测数据，偏差较大，所建模型不稳定，基于卫星影像的病害模型较少。还讨论了常用光谱及光谱图像建模与分类方法。目前可见/近红外光谱在农作物病害方面有一定的应用潜力，但存在研究内容的不平衡、研究系统性不够、各学科合作研究不够深入等几大问题。最后提出可见/近红外光谱在病害检测领域中应更注重多学科的深入合作，并急需相关的仪器设备、方法模型方面的突破。     

Molecular Design Tactics for Highly Efficient Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters for Organic Light Emitting Diodes

Recently, pure organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters have attracted considerable interest from the scientific community in the field of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) as they can theoretically realize 100 % of the internal quantum efficiency by exploiting both the singlet and triplet excitons via the reverse intersystem crossing enabled by small singlet‐triplet energy splitting. Currently, the external quantum efficiency of the TADF emitters is reaching the level of phosphorescent emitters. Therefore, the TADF approach is considered as a potential alternative to the low efficiency conventional fluorescent and expensive phosphorescent emitters. In this account, we summarized our recent development of blue and green TADF molecular designs to improve the device performances of the TADF devices.     

Polyepoxysuccinic acid with hyper-branched structure as an environmentally friendly scale inhibitor and its scale inhibition mechanism

In order to improve the scale inhibition efficiency of existing polyepoxysuccinic acid (PESA) and to study the impact of their molecular structure on scale inhibition efficiency, a series of PESA with linear and hyper-branched structure have been designed and synthesized through co-polymerization reaction with glycidyl and epoxy succinate. The scale inhibition behavior of PESA with linear and hyper-branched structure against CaCO₃ and CaSO₄ scales was evaluated using static scale inhibition method, and their ability to retard deposition of CaCO₃ was also examined. The experimental results showed that, for CaCO₃ and CaSO₄, the PESA with hyper-branched structure provides a scale inhibiting efficiency as high as 95.9% and 94.3%, respectively, at an inhibitor concentration of 15?mg/L. In addition, the processes of crystal nucleation, growth and crystal morphology have been analyzed. The experimental results show that the PESA with hyper-branched structure not only prolongs the induction period of CaCO₃ crystal nucleation, but also reduces the number of crystal nuclei and changes the size and morphology of the CaCO₃ crystal. Moreover, the FTIR, SEM and XRD analyses showed that the PESA with hyper-branched structure can induce the irregularity of growing CaCO₃ crystal, destroy the formation of crystals and change the polymorphs of calcium scale crystal. This conclusion indicates that the prepared PESA with hyper-branched structure has great potential for applying in the treatment of industrial water.     

Exploring the electro‐optical properties of conjugated polymers based on oligo‐selenophene and oligo(3,4‐ethylenedioxyselenophene)

For seeking high‐efficiency narrow‐band‐gap donor materials to enhance short‐circuit current density for organic solar cells, a series of oligo‐selenophene (OS) and oligo(3,4‐ethylenedioxyselenophene) (OEDOS) with various chain lengths were designed and characterized using density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT calculations. Based on the results, it can be seen that with increasing chain length of the oligomers in both syn‐ and anti‐adding manners, the bond length alternation is decreased which indicates that the π‐electron delocalization is increased. Also, when the chain length is increased the electronic energy gap and the optical energy gap are decreased. It can be concluded that the syn‐(OS)_n=10,14,15, anti‐(OS)_n=14 and anti‐(OEDOS)_n=7–12 oligomers can act as low‐band‐gap polymers. Therefore they can absorb more sunlight based on maximum wavelength (higher than 620 nm). Furthermore, a red shift in the simulated absorption spectra of (OS)_n and (OEDOS)_n donors is observed. It is found that (OS)_n=14,15 with syn configuration of the extended oligomers is the most suitable donor for the design of high‐performance organic solar cells possessing a narrow electronic band gap, high exciton lifetime and broad and intense absorption spectra that cover the solar spectrum leading to complete light‐harvesting efficiency.     

Research Progress and Application of Ion Funnel Technique

Ion funnel is a new-style ion guider which can reduce spatial divergence and energy dispersity of the transmission ions by using radio frequency (RF) electric field to confine the ions radially and the direct current (DC) axial electric field to move the ions toward the exit, and thus it can greatly increase the ion transmission efficiency and improve the sensitivity of the mass spectrometry. Since ion funnel was invented in 1997, it has attracted a close attention of mass spectrometry scientists all over the world. Ion funnel has been used in various kinds of mass spectrometry, and built a bridge with high efficiency ion transmission between low vacuum ionization source and high vacuum mass analyzer. In this paper, the principle, technology development, and application progress of ion funnel are reviewed, and the future prospects are prospected.     

Particle mixing rates using the two-fluid model

In this work, a new methodology is introduced to calculate the solids mixing rate in dense gas-fluidized beds using the two-fluid model. The implementation of this methodology into an existing two-fluid model code was carefully verified. The solids phase continuity equation was satisfied using our method, and the sensitivity of the computational results to the time step, computational cell size, and discretization scheme was investigated to determine the optimal simulation settings. Using these simulation settings, the degree of solids mixing was observed to rapidly (exponentially) increase with increasing operating pressure and linearly decrease with increasing bed diameter. Our novel methodology can be applied to analyze mixing processes in large lab-scale beds as an alternative to existing time-consuming simulation techniques such as computational fluid dynamics combined with the discrete element model.