Velocity distribution of flow with submerged flexible vegetations based on mixing-length approach

By choosing a PVC slice to simulate flexible vegetation, we carried out experiments in an open channel with submerged flexible vegetation. A 3D acoustic Doppler velocimeter （micro ADV） was used to measure local flow velocities and Reynolds stress. The results show that hydraulic characteristics in non-vegetation and vegetation layers are totally different. In a region above the vegetation, Reynolds stress distribution is linear, and the measured velocity profile is a classical logarithmic one. Based on the concept of new-riverbed, the river compression parameter representing the impact of vegetation on river is given, and a new assumption of mixing length expression is made. The formula for time-averaged velocity derived from the expression requires less parameters and simple calculation, and is useful in applications.     

Two dimensional analytical solution for a partially vegetated compound channel flow

The theory of an eddy viscosity model is applied to the study of the flow in a compound channel which is partially vegetated. The governing equation is constituted by analyzing the longitudinal forces acting on the unit volume where the effect of the vegetation on the flow is considered as a drag force item, The compound channel is divided into 3 sub-regions in the transverse direction, and the coefficients in every region＇s differential equations were solved simultaneously. Thus, the analytical solution of the transverse distribution of the depth-averaged velocity for uniform flow in a partially vegetated compound channel was obtained. The results can be used to predict the transverse distribution of bed shear stress, which has an important effect on the transportation of sediment. By comparing the analytical results with the measured data, the analytical solution in this paper is shown to be sufficiently accurate to predict most hydraulic features for engineering design purposes.     

基于有限分析法的平面铅垂壁羽流的相似解

应用计及浮力对湍动能及其耗散率的影响的k-epsilon湍流模式,结合有限分析法对密度差引起的平面铅垂紊动壁羽流进行了数值分析．在均匀环境条件下控制该类流动的连续性方程、流动方向的动量方程、浓度扩散方程、湍动能及其耗散率方程存在相似解．考虑到浮力通量守恒条件,应用有限分析法给出了铅直壁羽流的速度、相对密度差、湍动能及耗散率的分布,进而给出了各物理量最大值沿主流方向变化的关系式．湍流Schmidt数为1.0时的计算结果与实验资料吻合较好,表明应用有限分析法分析铅垂平面羽流是有效的,即在分析壁羽流时浮力对湍动能及其耗散率的影响应该予以考虑．     

部分植被化复式河道水流的二维解析解

运用涡粘模型理论对部分植被化复式河道的水流水深平均流速和边壁切应力分布进行了求解.通过对水流微元体进行纵向受力分析建立相应的控制微分方程,其中植被对水流的影响归结为拖曳力项.同时将复式渠道划分为3个子区域,通过联立求解各区域微分方程中的定解系数,最终得到均匀流的条件下各区水深平均流速的横向分布的解析解.在获得水深平均流速的横向分布后,可进一步给出对泥沙输移有重要影响的河床切应力的横向分布.通过与试验测得的资料比较,表明给出的解析解能够为工程设计提供足够精度的水力特性的预报.     

梯形复式断面均匀流水力计算

对由主槽、斜边坡以及边滩三部分组成的梯形复式断面渠道均匀流的水力计算进行了研究,采用表观切应力表示各子断面间的横向动量交换,结合各部分力的平衡关系式,推导出了主槽、斜边坡和边滩平均流速的计算公式．采用UK-FCF的实验数据对公式进行了验证,滩槽相对水深为0.057~0.4的7组工况计算值与实测值的比较表明,不考虑表观切应力的计算值与实测值的一致性都较差．比较而言,斜边坡部分平均流速在水深较小时计算值大于实测值,在水深较大时计算值小于或接近实测值,表观切应力对边滩部分平均流速的影响不明显,而主槽部分若不考虑表观切应力的影响,则计算值与实测值差别较大．运用三段式模型与刘沛清等提出的两段式模型分别进行了有边坡梯形断面复式渠道的水力计算,结果表明对于有边坡段的梯形断面渠道（河道）,三段式模型更加有效．最后,将计算的表观切应力与实测表观切应力进行了比较,两者的一致性表明采用的动量输运系数是合适的．     

考虑滩地植被的复式断面河道水流的二维解析解

针对滩地植被化的复式断面河道的水流特性,从沿水深积分的紊流时均运动微分方程出发,基于恒定均匀流的假设,给出了植被作用下河道水流水深平均流速沿横向分布的二维解析解.其中,将植被对水流的影响归结为拖曳力项,在模型中计及了二次流的影响,并对二次流强度系数K的取值进行了初步探讨.分别对顺直河道横断面和蜿蜒河道的顶点断面进行了计算,计算结果与试验资料符合良好,表明给出的二维解析解可用于植被作用下复式断面河道水流水深平均流速沿横向分布的数值预报.     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE STABILITY AND MIXING OF VERTICAL ROUNE BUOYANT JET IN SHALLOW WATER

The k-epsilon model was applied to establish the mathematical model of vertical round buoyant jet discharging into confined depth, and it was solved using the Hybrid Finite Analytic Method ( HFAM ). The numerical predictions demonstrate two generic flow patterns for different jet discharge and environmental parameters: ( i ) a stable buoyant flow discharge with the mixed fluid leaving the near-field warm in a surface warm water layer;( ii ) an unstable buoyant flow discharge with recirculation and re-entrainment of warm water in the near field. Furthermore, the mixing characters of vertical round buoyant jet were numerically predicted. Both the stability criterion and numerical predictions of bulk dilutions are in excellent agreement with Lee and Jirka ' s experiments and theory.     

部分植被化矩形河槽紊流时均流速分布分析解

研究了部分植被化矩形河槽紊流的水深平均流速分布．植被被视为不可移动的刚性多孔介质,植被对水流的阻力以多孔介质理论加以考虑,并综合考虑部分植被存在时矩形河槽紊动水流二次流的作用,建立了紊流动量方程．针对恒定均匀流的特点,对动量方程进行了简化,沿水深方向积分并引入参考量,形成无量纲形式的基于多孔介质理论紊动水流控制方程,进而对其求解给出了水深平均纵向时均流速分布的分析解．研究表明,在不同水流条件下的二次流强度系数具有相同的数量级．为验证分析解的正确性,在实验室采用MicoADV测量了部分植被化矩形河槽水流的流速分布．数值解与实验资料和日本学者的相关实验资料的对比表明,该方法可以准确预测部分植被化矩形河槽紊流水流的水深平均流速分布．     

Hydraulic calculation of steady uniform flows in trapezoidal compound open channels

Hydraulic calculation of steady uniform flows in trapezoidal compound open channels is studied. Based on the force balance of water in each sub-section, the average velocities of the main channel, side slope, and floodplain are derived. The lateral momentum exchanges between the sub-sections are expressed by using the apparent shear stress. To verify the model, seven groups of UK Flood Channel Facility （UK-FCF） measured data with a relative water depth between the floodplain and the main channel varying from 0.057 to 0.4 are used for comparison. The result shows that the calculated velocity is larger than the measured data when the relative water depth is small, while it is less than or close to the measured value in the case of a larger relative water depth. The influence of the apparent shear stress on the calculation of velocity on the floodplain is not obvious, while it is much greater on the main channel. The three-stage model is compared with Liu’s two-stage model, showing that the former can give a better prediction for a three-stage trapezoidal compound channel. Finally, the apparent shear stress is calculated and compared with the measured data. The result shows that the chosen values of the momentum transfer coefficients are appropriate.     

复式断面明渠中水平热水浮力射流近区稀释特性研究

采用考虑浮力效应的RNG k-ε双方程模型,结合混合有限分析法对复式断面明渠流中水平圆孔热水浮力射流进行了数值模拟,对其近区稀释特性及二次流结构进行数值分析．同时,采用三维ADV测速仪及温度测量仪对其近区典型断面的:1) 横断面主流速等值线分布;2) 二次流;3) 横断面温度等值线分布进行了试验测量．数值模拟结果与试验资料的对比表明,考虑浮力效应的RNG k-ε模型能够较好模拟射流在环境来流、浮力效应、复式断面二次流等因素作用下,所表现出的分叉现象、附壁效应（Conada效应）和边滩二次流现象．