An Insight into the Diffusion of Unsaturated Polyester (UP) Resin into Expanded Graphite (EG) to Improve the Mechanical Properties of the UP/EG Composites

Abstract

Polymer/expanded graphite (EG) nanocomposites have great importance in many industrial applications mainly due to their high electrical/thermal conductivity or flame retardancy. However, to fully employ the benefits of polymer/EG nanocomposites one must consider the high degree of porosity of EG. The high degree of porosity of EG can deteriorate the composites’ mechanical properties if the polymer chains cannot diffuse completely into the EG pores. In this article, an insight is given into the diffusion of unsaturated isophthalic polyester (UP) resin, consisting of a combination of maleic anhydride and isophthalic anhydride in the resin backbone, with two viscosities, into the pores of the EG particles of various degrees of porosity. The diffusion experiments were carried out on compressed EG tablets with the same density but different porosity due to the different porosity of the EG particles. The results showed that the diffusion rate of the UP resin with higher viscosity slightly decreased when the EG porosity decreased but, in the opposite way, it strongly increased for the low viscosity UP resin. The EG nanocomposites samples were molded at varying pressures. The micrographs of the fractured surfaces of the EG nanocomposites showed that the EG pores were not filled with resin, thus the EG nanocomposites had residual pores. It was found that composites containing EGs with higher expansion ratio and larger particles and pores showed larger residual pores. Furthermore, the composites prepared with the more viscous UP resin showed more residual pores. By applying a pressure of 10?bar instead of 1?bar, a reduction of 7–20% in the residual pores of the nanocomposites was observed which led to improved mechanical properties by up to 20% in flexural strength for the EG with the highest expansion ratio.     

Palladium‐catalyzed decarboxylative coupling of α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids with aryl tosylates

We report a general method for selective cross‐coupling of α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids with aryl tosylates enabled by versatile Pd(II) complexes. This method features the general cross‐coupling of ubiquitous α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids by decarboxylation. The transformation is characterized by its operational simplicity, the use of inexpensive, air‐stable Pd(II) catalysts, scalability and wide substrate scope. The reaction proceeds with high trans selectivity to furnish valuable (E)‐1,2‐diarylethenes.     

A Switch in the Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Gas-Adsorption Character of Prussian Blue Analogues: An Affinity Control for Smart Gas Sorption

Porous coordination polymers are molecule-based materials presenting a high degree of tunability, which offer many advantages for targeted applications over conventional inorganic materials. This work demonstrates that the hydrophilic/hydrophobic character of Prussian blue analogues having a lipophilic feature may be tuned to optimize the gas adsorption properties. The role of the coordinatively unsaturated metal sites is emphasized through a combination of theoretical and experimental study of water, ethanol, and n-hexane adsorption.     

含水合物沉积物多相渗流特性研究进展

天然气水合物作为一种储量大、无污染的清洁能源近些年受到了广泛关注. 近20年来,中国进行了较大范围的陆海域天然气水合物储层勘探与储量预测.2017年,中国地质调查局牵头对南海神狐海域的天然气水合物进行了基于降压渗流原理的试验性开采.国内外已进行的水合物试采工程面临着气体产量低、出砂较多等问题,其最主要的原因之一是开发过程中沉积物内复杂多相渗流机理尚不明晰.本文综述了平行毛细管模型、Kozeny模型等广泛应用于天然气水合物开发渗流分析的理论模型,对比分析了水合物开发多尺度渗流过程模拟方法,简述了国内外含水合物沉积物渗透率测试、渗流过程中沉积物物性演变以及水合物开采室内模拟等方面的渗流实验进展,总结了矿场尺度的天然气水合物储层开采过程中产气数值模拟手段,展望了多相渗流模型、储层原位含水合物样品室内测试及结构与物性演化、矿场尺度数值模拟与水平井压裂技术等应用研究的未来方向与挑战.      

Hydrosilylation Reactions Catalyzed by Rhenium

Hydrosilylation is an important process, not only in the silicon industry to produce silicon polymers, but also in fine chemistry. In this review, the development of rhenium-based catalysts for the hydrosilylation of unsaturated bonds in carbonyl-, cyano-, nitro-, carboxylic acid derivatives and alkenes is summarized. Mechanisms of rhenium-catalyzed hydrosilylation are discussed.     

Transition Metal Free Chemoselective Reduction of α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones to Saturated Ketones Using Tosyl Hydrazide as a Hydrogen Donor

An efficient, inexpensive and simple method for the reduction of various α,β‐unsaturated ketones to corresponding saturated ketones using tosyl hydrazide as a hydrogen donor in DMF using calcium oxide powder has been reported. A variety of enones underwent reduction without forming undesirable side products. High chemoselectivity, broad functional group tolerance and good yields are the noteworthy features of this protocol.     

考虑膨胀力的非饱和介质热-水-应力耦合二维有限元分析

从建立应力平衡方程、水连续性方程、能量守恒方程和弹塑性矩阵入手,使用Galerk in方法,将各控制方程分别在空间域和时间域进行离散,开发出了一个可考虑膨胀力的用于分析非饱和介质中热-水-应力耦合弹塑性问题的二维有限元程序.通过对一个假定的核废料地下处置库的热-水-应力耦合问题的数值计算,比较了无、有膨胀力时的情况,在定性上验证了该程序的正确性.     

定量开采条件下径向渗流的液固耦合问题

考虑到多孔介质渗透率随孔隙度变化的特点，建立了力学模型，研究定量抽放问题；对于广义平面应力状态下的非线性渗流耦合问题，提出了解的构造方法和解耦方法；求出了耦合条件下的孔隙压力，多孔介质总应力、总应变和总位移的解析解；进行了实例计算，并与Biot理论进行了对比，结果表明两种理论的差别很大。因此在渗透系数有较明显变化的场舍下不能采用Biot理论进行分析。     

饱和-非饱和土壤中污染物运移过程的数值模拟

本文提出了一个模拟饱和 非饱和土壤中溶和污染物运移过程的数值模型．模拟的控制污染物运移的物理 化学现象包括：对流，机械逸散，分子弥散，吸附，蜕变，不动水效应．发展了一个修正的特征线Ｇａｌｅｒｋｉｎ方法以离散污染物运移过程的控制方程并导出了一个用于有限元方程求解的显式算法．数值例题结果表明所提出模型和算法的功能     

Almost analytic solutions and their tests of the horizontal diffusion equation for the movement of water in unsaturated soil

Itisalwaysdifficulttofindthesolutionsoftheequationforthemovementofwaterinunsaturatedsoi1.Theprimar}'reasonisthatthehydraulicconductivityK(T)orthediffusivityofsoiIwaterD(o)isfunctionofwaterpotential(W)orwatercontent'(o)'Atpresent,thegeneralwaystofindthesol…