全文获取类型
收费全文 | 27653篇 |
免费 | 5824篇 |
国内免费 | 4528篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 16903篇 |
晶体学 | 363篇 |
力学 | 3051篇 |
综合类 | 286篇 |
数学 | 2740篇 |
物理学 | 14662篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 42篇 |
2023年 | 367篇 |
2022年 | 654篇 |
2021年 | 824篇 |
2020年 | 1246篇 |
2019年 | 987篇 |
2018年 | 993篇 |
2017年 | 1113篇 |
2016年 | 1389篇 |
2015年 | 1226篇 |
2014年 | 1748篇 |
2013年 | 2705篇 |
2012年 | 1914篇 |
2011年 | 1968篇 |
2010年 | 1650篇 |
2009年 | 1892篇 |
2008年 | 1931篇 |
2007年 | 2002篇 |
2006年 | 1837篇 |
2005年 | 1495篇 |
2004年 | 1354篇 |
2003年 | 1271篇 |
2002年 | 959篇 |
2001年 | 868篇 |
2000年 | 786篇 |
1999年 | 672篇 |
1998年 | 605篇 |
1997年 | 481篇 |
1996年 | 448篇 |
1995年 | 420篇 |
1994年 | 382篇 |
1993年 | 288篇 |
1992年 | 235篇 |
1991年 | 202篇 |
1990年 | 136篇 |
1989年 | 142篇 |
1988年 | 123篇 |
1987年 | 98篇 |
1986年 | 88篇 |
1985年 | 83篇 |
1984年 | 63篇 |
1983年 | 27篇 |
1982年 | 57篇 |
1981年 | 39篇 |
1980年 | 42篇 |
1979年 | 39篇 |
1978年 | 20篇 |
1977年 | 23篇 |
1976年 | 13篇 |
1973年 | 11篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
We investigate the possibility of phantom crossing in the dark energy sector and the solution for the Hubble tension between early and late universe observations. We use robust combinations of different cosmological observations, namely the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), local measurement of Hubble constant (), Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) and SnIa for this purpose. For a combination of CMB+BAO data that is related to early universe physics, phantom crossing in the dark energy sector was confirmed at a 95% confidence level and we obtained the constraint km/s/Mpc at a 68% confidence level, which is in perfect agreement with the local measurement by Riess et al. We show that constraints from different combinations of data are consistent with each other and all of them are consistent with phantom crossing in the dark energy sector. For the combination of all data considered, we obtained the constraint km/s/Mpc at a 68% confidence level and the phantom crossing happening at the scale factor at a 68% confidence level. 相似文献
2.
低维硅锗材料是制备纳米电子器件的重要候选材料,是研发高效率、低能耗和超高速新一代纳米电子器件的基础材料之一,有着潜在的应用价值。采用密度泛函紧束缚方法分别对厚度相同、宽度在0.272 nm~0.554 nm之间的硅纳米线和宽度在0.283 nm~0.567 nm之间的锗纳米线的原子排布和电荷分布进行了计算研究。硅、锗纳米线宽度的改变使原子排布,纳米线的原子间键长和键角发生明显改变。纳米线表层结构的改变对各层内的电荷分布产生重要影响。纳米线中各原子的电荷转移量与该原子在表层内的位置相关。纳米线的尺寸和表层内原子排列结构对体系的稳定性产生重要影响。 相似文献
3.
《Mendeleev Communications》2022,32(2):226-227
We report a nickel tetrathiooxalate (NiTTO) coordination polymer as a cathode material for potassium batteries. In a potential range of 1.3–3.6 V vs. K+/K, the specific capacity of the material is 209 mA h g?1 at a current density of 0.1 A g?1, which roughly corresponds to the two-electron reduction of polymer repeating units. The charge–discharge mechanisms of NiTTO in potassium cells were examined using operando Raman spectroscopy. 相似文献
4.
Haicun Yang Shuipi Cai Yu Jiang Zheng Cao Wenzhong Ma Fanghong Gong Guoliang Tao Chunlin Liu 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2022,60(10):1571-1587
The commonly used multi-center initiation methods always lead to the formation of quantities of homopolymer in the surface tailoring based on reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. In this study, a monocenter redox pair constructed of silica bearing tert-butyl hydroperoxide groups and ascorbic acid (SiO2-TBHP/AsAc) was applied to substitute the commonly used initiation method of R-supported RAFT grafting polymerization. All the propagating radicals were restricted on the surface of solid particles during the whole procedure theoretically, resulting in a higher grafting efficiency of 95.1% combined with the “controllable” feature at 10 h. This redox pair was also used to initiate the reverse ATRP in miniemulsion successfully with a grafting efficiency of 86.3% at 10 h. The grafting efficiency obtained under this monocenter initiation method was significantly higher than that of the frequently reported surface modification by reverse ATRP and RAFT polymerization. In addition, the high-efficient surface tailoring was traced and confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and other analysis tests. The advantage of this monocenter redox pair will open a new avenue for the potential “high-efficient” surface tailoring of various materials. 相似文献
5.
Although both ultraviolet (UV) radiation and ultrasound (US) treatment have their capabilities in microbial inactivation, applying any one method alone may require a high dose for complete inactivation, which may affect the sensory and nutritional properties of pineapple juice. Hence, this study was intended to analyse and optimise the effect of combined US and UV treatments on microbial inactivation without affecting the selected quality parameters of pineapple juice. US treatment (33 kHz) was done at three different time intervals, viz. 10 min, 20 min and 30 min., after which, juice samples were subjected to UV treatment for 10 min at three UV dosage levels, viz. 1 J/cm2, 1.3 J/cm2, and 1.6 J/cm2. The samples were evaluated for total colour difference, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acidity (TA), and ascorbic acid content; total bacterial count and total yeast count; and the standardization of process parameters was done using Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network. The results showed that the individual, as well as combined treatments, did not significantly impact the physicochemical properties while retaining the quality characteristics. It was observed that combined treatment resulted in 5 log cycle reduction in bacterial and yeast populations while the individual treatment failed. From the optimization studies, it was found that combined US and UV treatments with 22.95 min and1.577 J/cm2 ensured a microbiologically safe product while retaining organoleptic quality close to that of fresh juice. 相似文献
6.
Marta Wojciechowska Piotr Stepnowski Marek Gołębiowski 《Biomedical chromatography : BMC》2022,36(5):e5346
This paper presents the effect of insecticides on the composition of the surface compounds of one of the most harmful insects, Tenebrio molitor, by analysis using GC–MS. As a result of the use of insecticides, the composition of the chemical compounds on the surface of insects changes, depending on the insecticides used. The most numerous groups of the marked compounds were fatty acids, alkanes, esters and sterols. The content of the identified compounds in the larvae increased at both 24 and 48 h after the application of insecticides, in comparison with the control samples. The content of identified compounds in the samples taken from the females increased 24, 48 and 72 h after the application of insecticides in comparison with the control samples. By contrast, in samples prepared from males, the content of identified compounds decreased 24 h after the application of insecticides, compared with the control samples. The highest content of chemical compounds was for fatty acids and alkanes after the use of insecticides. The content of fatty acids after the application of the insecticide with deltamethrin was 62.1 ± 3.3–466.9 ± 5.9 μg/g, and after the application of the insecticide with cyfluthrin was 49.9 ± 1.9–458.3 ± 4.2 μg/g. However, the content of alkanes after the use of deltamethrin was 115.6 ± 4.2–4672.0 ± 32.1 μg/g, and after the use of cyfluthrin was 189.4 ± 3.8–3975.0 ± 10.2 μg/g. 相似文献
7.
Corinne Rondeau-Mouro Mireille Cambert Laurent Blondel Yves Diascorn Léo Mbaya Nor Nadiah Binti Ahmad Nazari Sarah Helary Tiphaine Lucas 《Magnetic resonance in chemistry : MRC》2022,60(7):678-691
A temperature control unit was implemented to vary the temperature of samples studied on a commercial Mobile Universal Surface Explorer nuclear magnetic resonance (MOUSE-NMR) apparatus. The device was miniaturized to fit the maximum MOUSE sampling depth (25 mm). It was constituted by a sample holder sandwiched between two heat exchangers placed below and above the sample. Air was chosen as the fluid to control the temperature at the bottom of the sample, at the interface between the NMR probe and the sample holder, in order to gain space. The upper surface of the sample was regulated by the circulation of water inside a second heat exchanger placed above the sample holder. The feasibility of using such a device was demonstrated first on pure water and then on several samples of bread dough with different water contents. For this, T1 relaxation times were measured at various temperatures and depths and were then compared with those acquired with a conventional compact closed-magnet spectrometer. Discussion of results was based on biochemical transformations in bread dough (starch gelatinization and gluten heat denaturation). It was demonstrated that, within a certain water level range, and because of the low magnetic field strength of the MOUSE, a linear relationship could be established between T1 relaxation times and the local temperature in the dough sample. 相似文献
8.
Ab initio calculations have been performed to investigate some of the spectroscopic properties, like geometry, frequency, electron affinity, ionization potential and finally adiabatic bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of lead monohalides, lead dihalides and their ions viz. PbX, PbX±, PbX2, (X ?= ?F, Cl, Br, I) in their ground state at the QCISD(T)//MP2 level of theory using correlation consistent basis sets. For the validation of MP2 optimized geometry and frequency, we further obtained geometry and frequency of all the neutral and ionic systems using QCISD(T) method with the same basis sets. The BDEs of PbX2 molecules are calculated using the BDEs of ions and taking ionization potential and electron affinity of various systems. The calculated values are found in good agreement with the available data. Most of the data for ionic systems are reported first time in literature. 相似文献
9.
Xinghuo Xiao Wenyan Wang Jiali Wang Prof. Can Yang Prof. Guigang Zhang Prof. Xianjun Lang 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2022,28(52):e202201244
Conjugated polymers feature promising structure and properties for photocatalytic water splitting. Herein, a hydrolysis strategy was demonstrated to rationally modulate the surface hydrophilicity and band structures of conjugated poly-benzothiadiazoles. High hydrophilicity not only enhances the dispersions of polymeric solids in an aqueous solution but also reduces the absorption energy of water molecules. Besides, both theoretical and experimental results reveal that a more positive valence band potential is generated, which contributes to enhancing the photocatalytic water oxidation performance. Accordingly, the surface-modified conjugated polymers show largely promoted photocatalytic water oxidation activities by deposition of cobalt oxides as cocatalysts. 相似文献
10.
Dr. Deepak Gupta Dr. Alae E. Lakraychi Dr. Buddha D. Boruah Simon De Kreijger Dr. Ludovic Troian-Gautier Prof. Benjamin Elias Prof. Michael De Volder Prof. Alexandru Vlad 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2022,28(42):e202201220
Controlling redox activity of judiciously appended redox units on a photo-sensitive molecular core is an effective strategy for visible light energy harvesting and storage. The first example of a photosensitizer - electron donor coordination compound in which the photoinduced electron transfer step is used for light to electrical energy conversion and storage is reported. A photo-responsive Ru-diimine module conjugated with redox-active catechol groups in [Ru(II)(phenanthroline-5,6-diolate)3]4− photosensitizer can mediate photoinduced catechol to dione oxidation in the presence of a sacrificial electron acceptor or at the surface of an electrode. Under potentiostatic condition, visible light triggered current density enhancement confirmed the light harvesting ability of this photosensitizer. Upon implementation in galvanostatic charge-discharge of a Li battery configuration, the storage capacity was found to be increased by 100 %, under 470 nm illumination with output power of 4.0 mW/cm−2. This proof-of-concept molecular system marks an important milestone towards a new generation of molecular photo-rechargeable materials. 相似文献