MACRO AND MICROSCOPIC PARAMETER MAPPING RELATIONSHIP FOR RED SANDSTONE 1)

颗粒流离散元软件PFC2D在岩土工程中的应用十分广泛,存在的主要问题是如何标定其细观参数,目前大多使用"试凑法",此方法的缺点在于工作量大、效率低等,本文提出以反向传播算法(back propagation,BP)神经网络的方式代替此方法,利用PFC2D 内置的FISH 以及Python 语言对其进行二次开发,使之自动运行并获取40组宏细观参数样本。结果表明：BP神经网络可以快速准确地建立宏细观参数映射关系,误差均保持在0.01 以内,模拟得到的应力--应变曲线与室内试验曲线高度吻合,且无需大量的数据样本便可创建网络,效率较高;另外,经验证本文选用的平直节理模型,可以有效地解决平行粘结模型UCS/TS值偏小问题,确定平直节理模型可以更好地模拟岩石。     

Study of Spontaneous Imbibition of Water by Oil-Wet Sandstone Cores Using Different Surfactants

The mechanism of spontaneous imbibition of water by sandstone cores and the relationship between reservoir wettability and imbibition recovery were studied by investigating factors influencing the spontaneous imbibition of different surfactants by oil-wet sandstone cores. Ultimate oil recovery of cores using the cationic surfactant CTAB was higher than that of the cores using the nonionic surfactant TX-100 and the anionic surfactant POE (1) at the same concentration. For CTAB and TX-100, the ultimate oil recovery by spontaneous imbibition increased with increase in surfactant concentration. In regard to imbibition recovery, TX-100 and POE(1) at high temperatures were superior to those at low temperatures. Ultimate oil recovery of the high-permeability core was higher than that of the low-permeability core at room temperature. According to changes in the driving force during the imbibition process, the imbibition curve could be divided into three regions: (1) mainly capillary force, (2) both capillary and gravity forces, and (3) mainly gravity force. The stronger the hydrophilicity of the rock surface, the higher the spontaneous imbibition recovery.     

Mechanism and Influencing Factors of Wettability Alteration of Water-Wet Sandstone Surface by CTAB

Different experimental methods including ellipsometry, zeta potential measurements, imbibition studies, and contact angle measurements were used to study the mechanism and influencing factors of wettability alteration of water-wet sandstone surface caused by CTAB (hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide). Results show that when the concentration of CTAB reaches a certain level (below CMC), due to the electrostatic attraction between the positively charged head groups of CTAB and the negatively charged sandstone surface, the monolayer of CTAB is formed and hydrophobic chains of CTAB molecules are toward the aqueous phase, making the solid surface oil-wet. When the concentration of CTAB continues to increase (above CMC), due to the hydrophobic interaction, the compact bilayer of CTAB is formed and hydrophilic head groups of CTAB molecules are toward the aqueous phase, rendering the solid surface water-wet. The contact angles between the oil–water interface and the surface treated with CTAB increase with the increase of the concentration of NaCl and CaCl_2. Compared to NaCl, the inorganic salt CaCl₂ has a greater impact on the contact angle. In addition, the contact angles increase with the increase of temperature and decrease with the increase of pH value of the aqueous solution.     

偶极子声波在疏松砂岩地层井孔中的传播特性研究

对偶极子声源在疏松砂岩井孔中的声波传播机制进行研究具有重要的理论和实际应用价值,可以指导实际测井过程中仪器工作参数的选择及提高资料的处理和解释水平。本文针对实际正交偶极子声波测井中遇到的疏松砂岩超软地层横波测量问题进行了理论分析与数值模拟,计算模拟了偶极子声源在一般软地层和疏松砂岩地层井孔中的传播情况,并对比分析了声场波形与井孔中激发的弯曲波和激发谱的特征之间的内在联系,还根据疏松砂岩地层井孔中的声波传播特点,提出了在这类地层条件下应用偶极子声波测井应注意的若干问题,并指出,在超软地层横波测量中,偶极子声源的中心频率应适当降低,但也不是越低越好,否则达不到预期的效果。本文的研究结果无疑对正交偶极子声波测井声源的设计具有指导作用。     

致密砂岩气藏纳微观结构及渗流特征

随着常规油气资源的减少, 致密砂岩气藏逐渐成为勘探开发的热点. 然而致密砂岩气高效产出机理研究还相对滞后, 已经成为目前制约致密砂岩气大规模经济有效开发的瓶颈. 致密砂岩由于其特殊的地质特征, 基质微观结构复杂, 天然裂缝一定程度发育, 投产一般需要水力压裂等增产措施, 气体在其中渗流存在跨尺度效应. 研究揭示出致密砂岩气在多孔介质中的流动分为解吸、扩散、渗流等几个方式, 包括浓度场下的扩散、压力场中的渗流等. 综述了致密砂岩存在的非常规地质特征及其研究描述方法, 并依据克努森数大小, 对致密砂岩气的渗流状态进行流态区域划分, 为更好的理解和模拟致密砂岩气的流动状态提供了理论依据, 并指出建立一种高效、简洁的微观结构精细描述方法, 以及解决致密砂岩气在多尺度条件下的传质优化等是今后研究的重点方向.     

表层嵌贴CFRP板条-混凝土界面粘结应力模型的试验与理论研究

为研究寒冷地区饱和砂岩的冻融损伤机理,采用DMA450伺服压机,在静载100N、动载80N、波动频率5～200Hz、温度-40～40℃的条件下,进行了饱和砂岩在不同频率正弦波单轴载荷作用下杨氏模量随温度变化的实验研究,获得滞(粘)弹性的弛豫衰减,以及有衰减引起的砂岩样品微结构变化情况。结果表明：饱和砂岩的杨氏模量和弹性波速度随温度升高而降低,随频率提高而增大; -40～20℃温度范围是冻融损伤最严重的区域。同时,在三种低频条件下(1.6Hz、2.8Hz和5.0Hz)用共振法在0℃获得相变衰减峰,反映了饱和砂岩的冻胀融缩效应,其产生的应力导致了饱和砂岩的损伤。从机理来看,前者是微观缺陷的演变,长期积累会导致破坏;后者是一种物理风化作用造成的宏观损伤。本文结果可为研究寒冷地区饱和岩石冻融损伤的机理及规律提供一定的参考。     

用正弦波加载和超声实验研究饱和砂岩弛豫特征和衰减峰

采用Metravib分析仪在-50℃~100℃温度条件及300~400Hz的正弦波作用下进行泵油饱和砂岩应力应变实验,获得了虚模量温度峰与对应实模量的剧烈亏损规律,显示出饱和砂岩有别于由衰减峰引起的典型粘弹性行为。利用超声法对饱和大理岩与花岗岩样品进行波速和衰减特性测试,获得了大理岩的Biot衰减峰变化规律。该研究对岩石物理理论模型的发展具有重要意义,可以利用岩层的衰减和波速频散特性进行油气藏的预测,降低勘探风险。     

冻融和循环载荷作用下对饱和砂岩损伤机理的研究

为研究寒冷地区饱和砂岩的冻融损伤机理,采用DMA450伺服压机,在静载100N、动载80N、波动频率5~200Hz、温度-40~40℃的条件下,进行了饱和砂岩在不同频率正弦波单轴载荷作用下杨氏模量随温度变化的实验研究,获得滞(粘)弹性的弛豫衰减,以及有衰减引起的砂岩样品微结构变化情况。结果表明:饱和砂岩的杨氏模量和弹性波速度随温度升高而降低,随频率提高而增大;-40~20℃温度范围是冻融损伤最严重的区域。同时,在三种低频条件下(1.6Hz、2.8Hz和5.0Hz)用共振法在0℃获得相变衰减峰,反映了饱和砂岩的冻胀融缩效应,其产生的应力导致了饱和砂岩的损伤。从机理来看,前者是微观缺陷的演变,长期积累会导致破坏;后者是一种物理风化作用造成的宏观损伤。本文结果可为研究寒冷地区饱和岩石冻融损伤的机理及规律提供一定的参考。     

Predicting the Onset of Inertial Effects in Sandstone Rocks

This study presents a method to determine the onset of inertial effects at the microscopic level, to distinguish between Darcy and non-Darcy flow regions within porous media at the pore level, and to quantify the effects of retained polymer on gas mobility. Capillary pressure and polymer flood experiments were conducted using Elgin and Okesa sandstone samples. The pore-size distributions were used to study the high-velocity flow effects. A modified capillary-orifice model was used to determine the non-Darcy flow effects at the pore level, with and without residual polymer.The overall flow behavior at any flow rate may be described as the average of all contributions from the Darcy and the non-Darcy terms in all pores. Results of this study suggest that the conventional Reynolds number may lead to incorrect analysis of flow behavior when evaluating non-Darcy flow effects in porous media. The Forchheimer number, defined as the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces, is found more adequate for analyzing microscopic flow behavior in porous media.